Classical Management Theorists - 1342 Words

Frederick Taylor and Henri Fayol were both theorists of the classical management movement. The classical approach was the framework to what management is all about. Therefore it can be said that they laid the foundation for many theorists. Frederick Taylor was an important theorist of the early 20th century and he made many important contributions to management. He proposed the principles of scientific management which he believed would improve industrial efficiency. He believed management could be formulated as a discipline. Taylor’s principles of scientific management focused on cooperation between management and the workers as well as improving the technical skills of the workers (Hodgetts, 1995). His approach is often referred to†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ There is an almost equal division of work and responsibility between the management and the workmen. The management takes over all the work they are better fitted than the workmen, while in the past almost all of the work and the greater part of the responsibility were thrown upon the men. (Hodgetts, 1995). Taylor’s scientific management focused on increasing productivity, whereas Fayol’s administrative management theory focuses on ways to make the organisation more effective and efficient. Scientific management focused on employees as individuals and their tasks, general administrative management theory dealt with total management organization. According to Pindur Rogers, 1995, General management theory was a much broader theory concerned with administrative management functions and is considered the forerunner of modern organization theory. For Henri Fayol, management was not so much as a way of devising systems to increase productivity but it was concerned with the integration of the different functions of the organisation such as production, sales, finance and so on (Wren, 1994). According to Fayol the success of an organization depended more on the administrative skills of the manager than onShow MoreRelated A Comparison of Classical Management Theorists and Contingency Theorists2642 Words   |  11 PagesA Comparison of Classical Management Theorists and Contingency Theorists The management field is characterised by a wide variety of theories, schools and directions. This essay examines the classical and contingency schools of thought -- the approaches to organization that have had the greatest impact on management today. Firstly the essay delineates and criticises the important theories propounded by classical writers. The essay continues with an account of the contingency school, andRead MoreThe Impact of Classical Theorist on Contemporary Management Practice999 Words   |  4 PagesComambault, a company who was at the verge of bankruptcy. Fayol successfully reformed the company into one of the largest industrial combines of Europe after his retirement. Fayolism or Administrative theory was developed in 1900s with the focus that management should be considered as an essential skill of life and should be separated from any technical knowledge. He believed that everyone perform certain administrative functions in their everyday lives (Lynch and Robert G., 2013). The theory emphasizesRead MoreExplain how the managerial ideas of Taylor and Fayol differ from Mayo. Assess the relevance of Classical Management theorists to the management of contemporary organisations1292 Words   |  6 PagesClassical Management comprises three different approaches: - Scientific Management (associated with the work of F W Taylor); - Bureaucratic Management (hierarchical structure associated with the work of M Weber); - Administrative Management (associated with the work of H Fayol). The Human Relations approach is associated with the work of E Mayo and F Roethlisberger. Immediately, we can see a difference between the ideas of Taylor and Fayol and those of Mayo as they are even classified differentlyRead MoreThe Ideas of the Classical Theorists Particularly Those of Bureaucracy and Scientific Management, Are Generally Considered as Rather Old Fashioned and Out of Date, and of Little Relevance to Organisations Today.1949 Words   |  8 PagesManagement has been studied by a lot of theorists who then learning from their own experiences came out with different theories and styles of management, explaining how to manage. The classical school has proven to be one of the most influential of all the schools. (Brooks 2009). Due to the success of the bureaucratic and scientific management style of managing, this essay will look into the bureaucratic style of management and then the scientific style of management and show that although theseRead MoreThe Ideas of the Clas sical Theorists, Particularly Those of Bureaucracy and Scientific Management, Are Generally Considered as Rather Old Fashioned and Out of Date, and of Little Relevance to Work and Organisation Today.2322 Words   |  10 Pagesideas of the classical theorists, particularly those of bureaucracy and scientific management, are generally considered as rather old fashioned and out of date, and of little relevance to work and organisation today. Ryan Foreman 091811594 This essay will discuss the relevance of the ideas of classical theorists in today’s work and organisations. I will evaluate why these ideas gained popularity when they were published by looking at the influences that classical theorists were surroundedRead MoreThe Ideas of the Classical Theorists, Particularly Those of Bureaucracy and Scientific Management, Are Generally Considered as Rather Old Fashioned and Out of Date, and of Little Relevance to Work and Organisation Today.2167 Words   |  9 Pagesideas of the classical theorists, particularly those of bureaucracy and scientific management, are generally considered as rather old fashioned and out of date, and of little relevance to work and organisation today. The classical school of management is thought to of originated around the turn of the current century and dominated management thinking into the 1920 s. It had one main focus and this was on the efficiency of work processes, either through bureaucratic management that focusesRead MoreThe Ideas of the Classical Theorists, Particularly Those of Bureaucracy and Scientific Management, Are Generally Considered as Rather Old Fashion and Out of Date, and of Little Relevance to Work and Organization Today. Is This Really the Case?2660 Words   |  11 PagesThe ideas of the classical theorists, particularly those of bureaucracy and scientific management, are generally considered as rather old fashion and out of date, and of little relevance to work and organization today. Is this really the case? The classical theory is the earliest form of management that perceived that a set of universal principles would apply to all the organizations in all situations to achieve efficiency and organizations goals. Scientific management and bureaucratic theoryRead MoreThe Ideas of the Classical Theorists, Particularly Those of Bureaucracy and Scientific Management, Are Generally Considered as Rather Old Fashion and Out of Date, and of Little Relevance to Work and Organization Today. Is This Really the Case?2643 Words   |  11 PagesThe ideas of the classical theorists, particularly those of bureaucracy and scientific management, are generally considered as rather old fashion and out of date, and of little relevance to work and organization today. Is this really the case? The classical theory is the earliest form of management that perceived that a set of universal principles would apply to all the organizations in all situations to achieve efficiency and organizations goals. Scientific management and bureaucratic theoryRead MoreTopic 1: Mary Parker Follett Has Been Described by Schermerhorn Et Al. (2011) as an Administrative Theorist Within the Classical Approach to Management. However, Others Have Seen Her as Ahead of Her Time, and Have Even1373 Words   |  6 Pageset al. (2011) as an Administrative Theorist within the Classical approach to management. However, others have seen her as ahead of her time, and have even described her as thoroughly modern (Hurst, 1992).What were Mary Parker Follett s main contributions to management thought and practice; how do they relate to Classical management theory; and how are they relevant to practicing managers in contemporary organisations? â€Æ' ‘Classical approach to management mainly concerned with the increasingRead MoreIs the Classical Approach to Management Obsolete? Essay635 Words   |  3 PagesIs the Classical approach to management obsolete? Critically discuss your views on this matter This essay argues the validity of the classical approach to management today. We cannot deny that businesses and organisations have evolved and changed a lot since the classical theorists, which date from the early twentieth century, but yet the main ideas about management that they gave to society are still sustainable today. The classical organisation theory represents the merger of scientific management

Ethics Ethics And Credibility - 1111 Words

Honesty is important in everyday life and especially important in law enforcement as one little lie can change a person’s life or career in a minute. Ethical decisions such as to lie to avoid punishment, to save face or even to make their cases look better can lead to termination of their employment. As in Proverbs 11:3 (ESV) â€Å"The integrity of the upright guides them, but the crookedness of the treacherous destroys them†. One lie by a law enforcement officer can destroy them and not only that but it makes the department that they work for lack credibility when they need it the most such as having the ability to testify in a court case, and it makes the pubic question the whole department when ethics and credibility become an issue. Of the many sources of ethical behavior in an organization one of those is that of personal honesty and integrity, which â€Å"taking responsibility for one’s mistakes, and serving as a model of ethical leadership† (West, B erman, 2012, p. 214). EFFECTS Would it be fair for a law enforcement officer to lose his job because he told a lie? In the criminal justice fields that answer would also be a yes. Being creditable is very important to his job. Most if not all police departments have polices about lying whether it be on a report, falsifying evidence or lying in an investigation and all misconduct has disciplinary repercussions. With such importance put on lying by a police officer, there is no doubt that when disciplinary action is handed down,Show MoreRelatedBRADBY LINDSAY COM295 Ethics Credibility In Business Communications637 Words   |  3 Pagesand ethical codes on a corporate level, as well as a human level. What if a depressed person became more depressed? An angry person became more upset and hurt someone? This experiment is scandalous to say the least and violates accepted research ethics. Max Masnick, a researcher with a doctorate in epidemiology, quoted in the article, I do human-subjects research every day. He continues to stick with his opinion that the structure of the experiment displays that there was no informed consentRead MoreAcademic Ethics And Academic Integrity Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesAcademic ethics are the moral codes or the shared standards of an academic enterprise and the core of its success (Occidental College, 2016). Basically, academic ethics require each student, to be honest, responsible, fair, respectful, give credit where it is due, turn in their original work, and etc. (Michigan State University, n.d.). Academic integrity requires students to do their own work without unauthorized help from others, cheating, lying, plagiarizing, and stealing (Valdosta State UniversityRead MoreThe Ethics And Ethics For Smp Accountants869 Words   |  4 Pagesreviewed was Role of Independence in Ethics for SMP Accountants. The key of the abstract is to emphasize the strength of ethics and moral behavior while conducting the audit (pp. 305-306). Introduction. The author studied professional ethics and auditor independence at small and medium firms. The researcher compared ethics with values, and laid emphasis on the credibility as one of the most important ethics element (p. 306). The concept of auditor independence and ethics has significantly changed for theRead MoreEssay about Ethical Behavior in Public Management594 Words   |  3 PagesEthical behavior in leaders in Public Administration has a significant impact on their employees and the environment of their work place. Ethics is not looked at in the same light in other parts of the world. What some cultures view as normal behavior, our culture may view as unethical or corruption. (Branscome, 2008, p. 1). Some behaviors in other cultures have been instilled as a normal way of doing business. In our culture, employees feel their leaders should be beyond reproach in order forRead MoreUnethical Behavior Has A Negative Impact On The Public, Economy And Work Environmen t Essay910 Words   |  4 PagesEthics according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary is â€Å"the principles of conduct governing an individual or a group† (Ethic, 2015). As public administration professionals, we have a duty to make ethical decisions and always put the general public’s interest before our interest. Repeatedly, the general public is being confronted with unethical behavior. Unethical behavior continues to be a persistent problem in the public, nonprofit and for-profit sectors. Some recent unethical behavior includesRead MoreEthical Issues Of The Managerial Accounting Profession1186 Words   |  5 Pagesto its complexity in today s business world it may generates sort of excesses that can negatively affect the business environment as well as the social life. Therefore, it becomes necessary to stress on the ethics and morals that should be prevalent in the business community. The term ethics in the business environment expresses the expected attitude of the individuals in organizations that carry out certain activities and services. Clearly, today’s business environment has obvious ethical issuesRead MoreGive Me Liberty or Give Me Death Speech742 Words   |  3 PagesOr Give Me Death Speech Gaining the credibility in a speech can be difficult at times and can test even the best speakers ability to keep the crowds attention and respect. One of the ways to keep credibility with a crowd is practicing and applying appeal to ethics. Which is defined as winning the favor of the audience by showing strong credibility in the speaker (Merriam-Webster). One of the best speeches that exemplifies the usage of appeal to ethics is Patrick Henry’s â€Å"Give Me Liberty Or GiveRead MoreThe Ethical Framework Of Accounting897 Words   |  4 PagesBusinesses, investors, creditors rely on accounting ethics. The accounting profession requires honesty, consistency with industry standards, and compliance with laws and regulations. The ethics increase the responsibility and integrity of accounting professionals, and public trust. The ethical requirements influence the management behavior and decision-making. The financial scandal of Enron and Arthur Anderson demonstrates the fa ilure of fundamental ethical framework, such as off-balance sheet transactionsRead MoreBusiness Ethics : Moral And Social Responsibility1750 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness ethics are moral and social responsibility that a business is supposed to have towards the community in general. Many companies are concerned about their social responsibility, particularly to the environment and their employees. Our values and morals are our personal guidelines that help us make decisions about what is right and what is wrong. Most companies have policies and procedures it is important for managers and employees to have guidelines to follow in the workplace. I think weRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Burned And Shattered Glass1730 Words   |  7 PagesShattered Glass Nicholas M. Anthony III Media Ethics 404-02 October 21, 2015 Lynn Waltz Critical Analysis of Banished and Shattered Glass Ethics are the rules of conduct recognized in a particular class of human actions or a particular group or culture. They are principles and values that shape human activity, especially in regard to specific disciplines. (n.d.) In the field of journalism and communications, there is no difference. Ethics helps practitioners in this field fulfill

Management Self Reflection Essay Example For Students

Management Self Reflection Essay Personality: When the time comes to hire a person for a certain job position it is important to consider one’s personality because a certain personality-type can be better fit for a specific job. Personality tests are used to measures one’s personality and this is a useful tool in helping managers decide who would be the best at the job and who they should hire. The most common test that is used to measure a person’s personality is through self-report surveys. Individuals rate and evaluate themselves on a series of different questions. The one draw back to this, however; is that some respondents may lie to make a good impression. Furthermore, two contributing factors of personality are hereditary and environmental factors. However, †¦show more content†¦ Job satisfaction refers to how a person feels towards their job. It is important for an employee to have a high level of job satisfaction because if they do not then they will not like their job as much, and therefore not be as involved. That is why when choosing a job you should consider what you like to do and what you are looking for in a job. One of the key things to look for when looking to find a job is to see if the organization has the same values as you. Research shows that employees are more satisfied with their job if they are able to voice their opinion and if they see their supervisors as supportive. Research also shows that â€Å"employees with strong perceived organizational support (POS) perceptions are more likely to have higher levels of organizational citizenship behaviors, lower levels of tardiness, and better customer service.† (17) Two ways to measure job satisfaction are the single global rating method and the summation of job facets. In the first method , respondents circle a number between 1 and 5 on a scale from â€Å"highly satisfied† to â€Å"highly dissatisfied.† The second method identifies key elements in a job such as the nature of the work, supervision, present pay, promotion opportunities, and relations with co-workers. The two methods are helpful in determining an employee’s job satisfaction. Although, the single global rating method is not as time consuming, whereas the summation of job facets helps mangers to zero in .

The solution to Douglass problem becomes obvious Essays - Footwear

The solution to Douglas's problem becomes obvious while his family returns from the movie theater. He sees a pair of tennis shoes in the window of the shoe store. Not just any tennis shoes, the "Royal Crown Cream-Sponge Para Litefoot Tennis Shoes" are what Douglas needs to be able to run. His father suggests that Douglas use last year's pair, but Douglas knows that they have lost their magic. The next day, in Sanderson's Shoe Emporium, Mr. Sanderson surprises Douglas. Mr. Sanderson knows exactly what shoes Douglas wants because he has seen him staring at them in the store window. Douglas convinces the old man to try on the sneakers, making him believe that he must truly know them to sell them. While Mr. Sanderson is standing in the brand new sneakers, Douglas makes him an offer. Either he can buy his pair and owe the man one dollar, or else, because of the speed that the shoes give him, Douglas will run through town and do all of the chores that Mr. Sanderson would rather not do himself. Douglas shows such passion in his belief in the power of the shoes, that his speech transports Mr. Sanderson back to his own childhood, when he dreamed of running like gazelles and antelopes. He gives Douglas the shoes in return for merely completing a list of things to do that day, because he was so pleased with the effect of the boy's speech.

Mysticism Essays (475 words) - Spirituality, Nondualism, Esotericism

Mysticism In Steven T Katz's essay "Language, Epistemology and Mysticism", the"pre-experimental conditions" he writes of are the circumstances surrounding a person who experiences a mystical occurrence. The argument is that mystical experience is a personal event that happens differently for any person who experiences it. If this is true, there is no "common core" to all mystical experience. This concept brings into view a problem with writing about or verbally communicating about mystical experience in academics. Since mystical experience is an extreme personal event, it occurs within the morals and learned social constructs of the person having the experience. Every human society, even if they vary little by environment, teaches its inhabitants what to value.. Mystical experience will vary greatly around the world, as well as in different parts of the same country. The "pre-experimental pattern" in Katz's essay represents a person's entire life, where they live and what ideals and values their society holds. According to Katz, the "pre-experimental pattern" of a person's life is directly related to the kind of mystical experience they will have. The key tensions here are that of varying life experience (up to the point at which the mystical experience occurs) and the inability to communicate mystical experience, since it happens within the context of many different societies and languages. In Mysticism: Holiness East and West, the point is stated that while studying mystical experience, we are forming both personal and academic views. The mystical experience itself, according to Katz is a varying personal occurrence. If we form our own Opinions about another's mystical experience, this raises a question of whether or not we are actually studying the true experience of another (who has a different pre-experimental pattern than we do), or are we re-translating their experience to fit in the confines of what we ourselves understand personally and socially. "We can learn a great deal from scholars, but textual studies have their limits. Admittedly, all studies are personal, calling for acts of imagination from their readers, humanistic studies most of all."(Carmody 21). The student of mysticism, however, in order to understand the mystical experience of another, must re-create the exact circumstances surrounding the person to which the experience occurred. The student must go beyond the regular visual projection into a studied text, to the deep, personal place of another. This is impossible, according to Katz, since none of us have had the exact same life circumstances. To join all mystical experience into the same category, to say everyone who has had a mystical experience has been to the same "human" place inside themselves, is really all we might be able to say about the subject. It is fascinating that so many thick books have been written on the subject of mystical experience, and that in many, unless the author takes a strict claim on his/her own opinion, the problem of variation and communication of the experience exists. Unless we learn to communicate interculturally without using words, we will never know the true contents of mystical experience.

70 Idioms with Heart

70 Idioms with Heart 70 Idioms with Heart 70 Idioms with Heart By Mark Nichol Idioms that refer to what is the fanciful seat of our emotions as well as the factual core of our circulatory system are understandably numerous. Here’s a list of phrases and expressions that include heart and, for the most part, pertain to human feelings. 1. a big heart: said of someone kind and loving 2. after my own heart: said of someone with similar preferences or values 3. a heart of gold: see â€Å"a big heart† 4. a heart of stone: said of someone without sympathy 5. all heart: see â€Å"a big heart†; sometimes used sarcastically to mean the opposite 6. at heart: basically 7. bare (one’s) heart: share one’s feelings or thoughts 8. bleeding heart: said of someone who is conspicuously or excessively generous 9. break (one’s) heart: cause someone emotional distress 10. by heart: from memory 11–13. capture/steal/win (one’s) heart: make someone fall in love with one 14–16. close/dear/near to (one’s) heart: loved or valued by someone 17. cross my heart: said as an oath to assert one’s honesty 18. didn’t have the heart: said when one cannot summon the will to do something hurtful 19. do (one’s) heart good: said about something that will be beneficial to someone 20. eat your heart out: said mockingly to someone expressing the desire for them to suffer; usually facetious 21. faint of heart: lacking courage 22–23. find a way into/to (one’s) heart: cause someone to fall in love with one 24. find it in (one’s) heart: have the compassion or courage to do something 25. follow (one’s) heart: do what one loves rather than what is expected of one 26. from the heart: with sincerity 27–28. gladden the/(one’s) heart: make someone happy or gratified 29. harden (one’s) heart: become callous 30. have (one’s) heart set on: be obsessed with obtaining 31. have (one’s) (best) interests at heart: be doing something for someone else’s benefit 32. heart goes out to: said in regard to feeling sympathy for someone 33. heart in (one’s) mouth: said of someone who has strong emotions about someone or something 34. heart is in the right place: said of someone well intentioned 35. heart of the matter: essence 36. hearts and minds: said in reference to persuading rather than compelling 37. heart’s desire: what one wishes deeply for 38. heart skips a beat: said of someone excited, frightened, or surprised 39. heavy heart: sadness 40–41. from the bottom/depths of (one’s) heart: profoundly 42. in (one’s) heart of hearts: if one’s true feelings or thoughts were known 43. know (one’s) heart: be aware of one’s true feelings 44. lose heart: become discouraged 45–46. matters/affairs of the heart: said of something pertaining to a love affair 47. melt (one’s) heart: cause someone to experience uncontrollable emotions 48. nearly gave (one) a heart attack: caused someone to feel anxiety or fear 49. (one’s) heart bleeds for: one is sympathetic 50. (one’s) heart is knocking: said of someone excited or nervous 51. (one’s) heart is not in: one does not feel a commitment to or an interest in 52. (one’s) heart leaps: one is excited 53. (one’s) heart melts: see â€Å"melt someone’s heart† 54. (one’s) heart sinks: one becomes discouraged 55. open (one’s) heart: show generosity or kindness 56–57. out of the goodness/kindness of (one’s) heart: because of generosity or goodwill 58. pour (one’s) heart/soul out: see â€Å"bare (one’s) heart† 59. put (one’s) heart into: do something with conviction or enthusiasm 60. sick at heart: discouraged 61–62. strike fear into (one’s) heart/into the heart of (one): cause someone to be afraid 63. take heart: be encouraged 64. take (something) to heart: be affected by something 65. to (one’s) heart’s content: to the extent one desires 66. warm (one’s)/the cockles of (one’s) heart: cause someone to feel positive emotion 67. wear (one’s) heart on (one’s) sleeve: openly show one’s emotions 68. with a sinking heart: said of someone who becomes discouraged or hopeless 69. with all (one’s) heart: with great enthusiasm 70. young at heart: youthful Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?Anyone vs. EveryoneHow to Treat Names of Groups and Organizations

Speech Comprehension and the Human Language Essay

Speech Comprehension and the Human Language - Essay Example The question therefore is what sets the human language apart from another How is human language defined Moreover, with so many diverse languages known in the world (associated with country, race and culture), can human language actually be characterized as a whole to represent the vast array of languages used by all sorts of people The answer to this, of course, is yes and the unifying elements that weave all these languages into a universal method for communication are the properties of human language that are common to all. These will be detailed in the succeeding section. The other aspect of human language that this paper intends to explore is how people understand the spoken language or speech. It is widely known that humans begin to learn to speak during the early childhood years. As such, what are the processes and elements involved in learning and understanding speech Are these the same for everybody To answer these questions, an overview of speech comprehension shall be provided in the following sections of this article. Speech development generally occurs during the first two years of a child's growth. At the first stage, the infant produces his/her first sounds in the form of cries, vocal grunts and cooing. These are said to be phonetically indicative of the ug, ng or ungh sounds. Studies have shown that the consonant sounds are developed earliest, in particular the consonant h (Goodenough & Tyler, 1959). The infant then progresses to the stage wherein he/she utters single syllables repeatedly such as "da-da-da" or "ngee-ngee-ngee". At first, these utterances are used by the infant to amuse itself. Later on or during the third stage, these utterances already become useful for social interaction with the parents or whoever is considered as the care giver. At the fourth stage, which occurs during the second half of the first year, the infant learns to combine these mono-syllables to two or more different syllables to form a more complex word. Thus to give an example., the "da-da-da" becomes "daddle- daddle-daddle". This is the last period before true speech is actually produced. The infant then proceeds to learn how to select specific sound-combinations out of the wide variety of utterances that it has produced and to apply these sound-combinations to particular situations in which he has heard others use them (Goodenough & Tyler, 1959). Understanding Speech Understanding spoken language connotes a processing level by which meaning is derived from the combination of words and sounds that form sentence structures. Before this happens, however, several other operations occur that eventually lead to meaning attribution. One of these operations is called Semantic Processing which concerns working out what words and sentences mean (Harley, 2001). Syntactic operation, on the other hand, pertains to the recognition of how words are organized within a sentence (i.e., their relationships, how they are transformed by inflections or affixes, etc.) so that the order of the words becomes meaningful. The phonological process, which is the third set of operations, involves the transformation of the message into sounds uttered as speech through the use of the articulatory mechanisms - the tongue,

Searching for the Real Me and We. A Filipino-American Experience Essay

Searching for the Real Me and We. A Filipino-American Experience - Essay Example This essay analyses the US invasion and occupation of the Philippines and the resulting waves of migration of Filipino workers and professionals to this country. It explores, not only the socio-economic results, but also the cultural impact of US direct and indirect rule on the Filipino people’s collective memories and consciousness. The migration of Filipinos to the US was basically determined in the past and at present by the desire of the US for cheap and efficient labor, a desire in keeping with capitalism’s exploitative character and racist framework. Many Filipino-Americans have absorbed the dominant US culture, which prevents them from understanding the realities behind their own migration experience, decolonizing their thinking, and developing their unity with all poor people of color. After defeating the Spanish colonial government, Filipinos were forced to wage another war, this time against the US invading forces. This time it was a vicious racist war that resulted in the death of â€Å"at least 1.4 million Filipinos† from the actual fighting and from war-related starvation and disease (San Juan). Studying history is a important step, and I have started to fully appreciate my Filipino heritage. Understanding myself and the Filipino-American experience, I am starting to understand the reality of the Black experience, the Latino experience, the experience of all the excluded in American society. I know I have to take the next step, going beyond the me and transforming myself into the we of humanity.

Transcontinental railroad Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Transcontinental railroad - Term Paper Example Such policies are implemented by regulatory authorities through budgets and other rules and regulations. However, there are some factors that affect the economy on the very basic level. One of those factors is infrastructure of a country. Infrastructure of a country can play an important role in the strengthening of the economy of a country. This paper analyses one such example of the effects of infrastructure on the economy. The example is that of the First Transcontinental Railroad. This railroad is said to be the first communication revolution of America. The railroad reduced the time of travel between east and west costs from six months to one week and it was indeed a huge achievement. This paper examines the problems faced by the entities engaged in the construction of the railroad and the effects of the railroad on the economy of the country (Heintz, 2009). Infrastructure can enhance the growth of the economy of a country at a very fast pace, specifically in case of developing countries. Developing companies usually have weak economic environment because of lack of sufficient infrastructure. Infrastructure can boost trade in a country which results in accelerated economic activities in the country. This scenario can best be explained with the example of the First Transcontinental Railroad that was constructed between the years 1863 and 1869 in the United States of America. The railroad was built by the Central Pacific Railroad of California and Union Pacific Railroad. These two entities were chartered by the Pacific Railway Act, 1862. This railroad connected the already developed railway network of the Eastern cost with California that was in its developing stages. The railroad was completed in May, 1869 when it changed the economic scenario of the American West for good. The railroad initiated a new series of trade and communication that triggered the economic growth in the USA. Planning for Construction of the Transcontinental Railroad In the year 1862, it was determined that the companies that would carry out the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad would be Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad. The companies started construction from their respective points. Central Pacific started building the railroad eastward from Sacramento, California and Union Pacific started building the railroad westward from Council Bluffs, Iowa. Although the companies had been assigned the task and they had started constructing the railroad, the point where both the railroads would meet was not determined. There were a number of problems that hindered the construction of the railroad resulting from the lack of adequate planning. The construction also slowed down due to the Civil War between the years 1861 and 1865. This factor also added to the problems already present due to the lack of planning. However, a point in the Mormon territory of Utah was determined to the Promontory Point where the railroads being constructed by the two companies would meet. The construction completed on 10 May, 1869 when the two railroads met at the Promontory Point. Problems Faced in Construction A railroad connecting the east and west cost of the USA had always been a dream but it was shaped into reality by the President Abraham Lincoln. However, the railroad was completed after four years of his death. The construction of the railroad was not independent of any problems. There were a num

Approaches to Responding to Discrimination

Approaches to Responding to Discrimination People with mental illness are one of the most marginalised groups in society. Stigma and discrimination affect tangata whai ora’s (TWO) quality of life, prevent them from full access to education, employment, and housing, contribute to lower incomes, increase relapse, and result in exclusion from the society. This damaging effect on the person is often persisting even after resolution of the symptoms. The evidence shows that a combination of approaches and intervention methods at different levels times and in range of settings is the most effective in reducing stigma and discrimination (Gale, 2004). The effective approaches ensuring sustainable change take account of education, promotion, respect, and have to be supported by policy and legislation as essential parts of building a successful, integrated society. (Sayce, 2000) â€Å"Raising awareness and changing attitudes are not enough on their own – because attitudes are not necessarily a reliable predictor of behaviour. Effective approaches also require work to promote social inclusion and empowerment, creating an environment of intolerance to prejudice and ensuring change is sustainable and supported by policy and legislation† (Gale, 2004). Public Policy The New Zealand Government laid its expectation from mental health and addiction services in Te Tahuhu: the second mental health and addiction plan 2005-2015. Te Tahuhu is the policy on mental health and addiction that identifies challenges, ascertains outcome the Government strives to achieve, and provides direction for the continued development of the sector. The main focus is on improvement, recovery and wellness of tangata whai ora. Implementation of the plan, on the other hand, and improving mental health outcomes for TWO is the focus of Te Kokiri. It (Ministry of health, 2006)ascertains specific actions and responsible organisations for achieving them. â€Å"Understanding mental illness and addiction in the general community is critical to reducing stigma and discrimination, both of which can reduce an individual’s sense of belonging and participation in society† (Ministry of health, 2005). The outcomes include full participation of tangata whai ora in society and have the same opportunities as everyone else. Among Ten leading challenges are inclusion and support on the part of employers and effective support, protection and redress for TWO who are discriminated against. The action plan contains promotion of social inclusion, implementation of the next step of the ‘Like Minds like Mine’ project as part of a multi-agency plan to reduce discrimination, develop activities to address the discrimination by addiction users. Mass media campaigns A well-known anti-stigma and discrimination public education campaign in New Zealand â€Å"Like minds, like mine† (Like Minds) started in 1997, funded by the Ministry of Health and the Health promotion Agency, and implemented by 26 regional providers. The campaign is directed at reducing discrimination associated with mental health and increasing social inclusion through advertising, community activities, research, events, education, helpline, newsletters, website, and training. It has been proven by international research that sustained mental health antidiscrimination programs is the best practice in achieving behavioural change. The National Like minds campaign invested a great deal of time and energy in programs aimed at tackling stigma and discrimination, yield improvement in public attitudes towards mental health. â€Å"Advertising involving the stories of well-known and famous people who have experienced mental illness has created significant interest, awareness and improved attitudes among the general public. Local community education and other follow-up activities have also contributed to this success† (Vaughan, G Hansen, C, 2004). For years campaign has challenged public stereotypes, attitudes, demonization and alienation of tangat whai ora. The effective approaches that underpinned the campaign are: Its nature: robust, multileveled, evidence-based and responding to a changing environment The involvement of tangata whai ora in the campaign has been critical to its success. They personally leading the work and dispelling stereotypes and prejudice through their personal experience and knowledge. Amplifying social contact with TWO. â€Å"Face to face contact and community engagement are often the most effective ways to reduce stigma and discrimination† (Alexander, L.A Link B.G, 2003). Famous and everyday people with mental illness spoke to media and employers about their experience made the campaign human and personal. Focus on the positive: emphasising abilities, supporting development of the TWO’s capacity to contribute Modelling social inclusion Education about human rights The new National â€Å"Like minds, like mine† plan for 2014-2019 states that â€Å"the Ministry of Health will continue national efforts to reduce stigma†¦ providing direction for the continuation of the journey towards social inclusion for people with mental illness in New Zealand† (Ministry of Health, 2014). It identified that to this day disrespectful attitudes (stigma) and unfair treatment (discrimination) are among the biggest barriers to social inclusion for tangata whai ora. The role of the programme is to ensure that public demonstrate socially inclusive attitudes and behaviours towards TWO and in so doing, increasing their opportunity to fully participate in community life. Health promotion Mental health promotion refers to the actions taken to strengthen mental health and is a powerful resource with significant potential. Research is showing that its initiatives can have concrete, positive outcomes for the entire population. Building on strength: A guide for action is a practical mental health promotion document designed for the service providers, communities and government bodies of the country that focuses on wellness, healthy populations and the community taking control. Building on strength promotion is consistent with a vision for recovery and participation. Its aims are to: build (inclusive and supportive) healthy communities; work across sectors (i.e. social services, education, housing, employment, ext.) to address the broader determinants of wellbeing; improving skills of the workforce; leadership through policy; to encourage research, innovation and development that can affect mental health and wellbeing of different population groups. One of the principles of the New Zealand health strategy is to promote active involvement of tangata whai ora and communities at all strata of policy development. â€Å"People who have experience of mental illness have vital contribution to make to our understanding of illness prevention and as advocates for mental health promotion† (Ministry of Health, 2001). A central theme for tangata whai ora is their experience of the stigma and discrimination, and the denial of their rights of citizenship. Hence ‘Building on Strength’ supports participation of tangata whai ora in the development and delivery of programmes and continue to work to eliminate stigma and discrimination. The examples of mental health promotion given in the Building on strength guide include Te Pae Mahutonga: a model for Mà ¤ori health promotion, and the Fonofale Model. Both holistic models highlight views of their respective communities on wellness and relational harmony of different elements. Te Pae Mà ¤hutonga is, the Maori name for the Southern Cross constellation of stars, â€Å"used as a symbolic map for bringing together the significant components of health promotion, as they apply to Maori health†¦ Te Pae Mà ¤hutonga model suggests that health promotion is about creating a climate within which human potential can be realised† (Durie, 1999). The four central stars reflect the four key goals of health promotion: Mauriora (security of cultural identity), Waiora (environmental protection and connectedness), Toiora (a shift from harmful to healthy lifestyles), Te Oranga (increasing the extent of participation in society). The two pointers – prerequisites for the effective health promotion are Nga Manukura (leadership) and Te Mana Whakahaere (the level of autonomy and self-determination). Service development and educational measures Service development measures are intended to improve education and training for people coming into the mental health professional services. Support workers who are showing respect and kindness towards tangata whai ora, have the right skills, values and attitudes make an enormous impact on their recovery process. The Ministry of Health developed the programme with the focus on putting the TWO’s needs and lives first. Let’s get real: Real Skills for people working in mental health and addiction builds workforce’s resources and knowledge to provide qualitative and effective service delivery. The framework has seven Real Skills which are underpinned by the essential values and attitudes across the sector to achieve Te Tahuhu outcomes. One of them is challenging stigma and discrimination. â€Å"Every person working in a mental health and addiction treatment service uses strategies to challenge stigma and discrimination, and provides and promotes a valued place for service users† (Ministry of Health, 2008). The latest include understanding, recognising, minimising and challenging of the impact of stigma and discrimination on TWO; using non-judgemental language; promoting and facilitating inclusion; modelling non-discriminatory behaviour; and using non-discriminatory practices.

The Alli Weight Loss Advertisement

Alli Weight Loss Plan Advertisement The â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement in the January 18th 2010 issue of People magazine is effective because of the informational packed two-page spread, the vibrant multicolored picture, and the way the bold banner intertwines with the emotion in the picture. The â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement is effective because of the informational packed two paged spread. The first page has six separate informative blocks, with breaks in between the different blocks, to give the reader a chance to interpret the information. The second page is completely covered in a vibrant colorful picture. Consequently, Attention is drawn to reading the six separate topics and viewing the colorful picture. The â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement contains six informational blocks, each with different brilliant colored titles. Topics the advertisement covers consist of educational information, nutritional information, and governmental information. The first block written in red is titled, â€Å"you and food. The first block covers the relationship between the reader and food, whether or not that relationship is healthy. The first block also entices the reader and relates to the potential consumer, identifying the problem and offering them a solution. The second block is titled, â€Å"real hunger†, in green and describes symptoms of real hunger. Examples from the second block are: real hunger â€Å"grows gradually†, real hunger is when â€Å"you’ll eat anything†, and real hunger is when â€Å"you feel good after eating. The third block is titled â€Å"emotional hunger†, and is colored blue. The third block describes signs of emotional hunger; one example is: emotional hunger is when â€Å"you feel guilty after eating. † The fourth block is titled â€Å"you can eat healthier for life†, and is colored red. The fourth block explains that the Alli Weight Loss Plan can help learn the healthy way to eat and to lose weight. The fifth block is titled â€Å"you can lose weight without losing your love for food†, and is colored green. The fifth block describes how Alli Weight Loss Plan works to boost weight loss. The advertisement emphasizes that consumers taking Alli can still enjoy their favorite foods just in smaller portions. The final block is colored in yellow and is titled â€Å"you can lose weight easier with support. † The sixth block explains how Alli Weight Loss Plan users will be able to have personalized weight plans made for them on myali. com. There is also a small sub topic that states Alli is FDA- approved, which assures readers that the Alli Weight Loss Plan is safe and legitimate. All six blocks provide readers with plentiful amounts of educational, nutritional, and governmental information about the Alli Weight Loss Plan that helps readers decide if the product is for them. The second page of the Alli Weight Loss Plan advertisement is a vividly bright picture of a late twenties to early thirties brunette woman grocery shopping. The young lady has her head thrown way back and has a confident smile on her face. The young lady is pushing a grocery cart bursting at the seams with healthy foods, such as huge succulent pineapple. The background is blurred on the intense, colorful picture, but can still be interpreted as a grocery isle of a grocery store. The second page of the â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement has an excellent picture, which gives the reader an insight of what the advertisement is about. The bold colorful banner intertwines with the emotion of the vibrant colorful picture. The banner is titled â€Å"eat healthier, live happier. † The vibrant picture shows the exact emotion of the banner. The young lady is extremely happy; she has her head thrown back and has a gigantic smile. The young lady is obviously eating healthy. The writers of the â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement intertwine the emotion of the picture with the words of the banner, â€Å"eat healthier, live happier. † The â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† Advertisement is directed towards the younger generation of women. Contemporary women are concerned about their appearance and weight. Most young women will do anything to lose weight. The â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement features a late twenties to mid thirties young lady, who is very satisfied with her appearance. Most readers of People magazine are young women, which is why the â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement appeals to them so much. Readers want to be as happy as the young lady in the â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement. Potential customers will be drawn to read the advertisement thoroughly. In conclusion the â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement is very effective because of the informational packed two-page layout, the vibrant colorful picture, and the way the writers of the advertisement intertwined the picture with the emotion of the banner.

Personal life Essay

Living a â€Å"Good Life. † This is something most people strive for, but what we all question is, what is it that leads to a â€Å"good life,† or what does it really mean to have a â€Å"good life. † Most people would agree that whatever makes a person happy will lead to a good life, but happiness with each individual differs. Whether it be pleasure, wealth, or health many can disregard the virtue of true happiness, and their material desires leads to ignorance. Aristotle’s answer to this is that we must enjoy the proper things in life in order to be happy; and it is through proper activities that we are able to live the Good Life. I would have to agree with Aristotle’s beliefs, because of my upbringing, simple material things will not make me fully happy; one must live a just life filled with happiness. There is this woman named Janice, she s a manager for a major corporate office. Janice believes her happiness and the happiness of her children relies on her success in her career, and how much money she makes. She will do whatever it takes in order to rise up in the company to get any extra bonus or raise—even if it means stepping on other people to get there. Aristotle would say Janice is not living the Good Life by concentrating on the wealth and mistreating others for her own personal gain, because what she is doing is not a proper activity. I believe Aristotle may believe that the way Janice is living is irrational, and not the â€Å"good life,† because her happiness relies on her material wealth. According to J.L Ackrill from the Princeton university press Aristotle’s argument is as follows: 1) proper activities are those activities that best represent or fulfill the unique nature or purpose of humankind; 2) the unique nature or purpose of humankind is found in that particular quality which separates us from other species of beings; 3) that particular quality which separates us from other species of beings is reason; thus, 4) those activities that best express our reasoning abilities are those activities that will allow us to lead the Good Life; therefore, 5) some activities, like Janice’s activities, are not able to lead us to live the Good Life because again it is not a proper activity. Happiness isn’t simple, and living a good life isn’t easy. We can’t all just focus on the material; we have to focus on reason, on the virtue of our decisions. I was raise in a Christian home, so by default I was taught about being a servant to others, spreading the word of Jesus Christ, living a good life—according to what God has declared for me. But I believe that Aristotle’s belief of a good life coincides with some of what God has planned for me, by doing what is proper, and in my interpretation what is proper for me is following my path that God has laid out for me. We all have a purpose to life, everyone and everything. We are pieces to an order, a design t our universe, everything somehow fits together, we see the good and the truth through living justly with values and virtuous lifestyles, doing what makes us happy but only things that are â€Å"proper. † Aristotle believes that happiness is God given, and we need to live right by God.

law in the end of a policemans nightstick essays

law in the end of a policemans nightstick essays Police brutality has been a long lasting problem in the United States since at least 1903 when police Captain Williams of the New York Police Departmen coined the phrase, There is more law at the end of a policemans nightstick than in a decision of the Supreme Court. In the 1920s the Wichersham Commission had a number of instances of police brutality. Many of these included the use of the third degree (beating to obtain a confession). This is a very effective way to get a confession out of somebody. However, beating the accused could easily elicit a confession from a scared and innocent person. Also, this puts the accused persons life in danger. Police officers must make snap life and death decisions daily. Officers work in an environment where death (theirs, their partners, and an innocent or guilty person) is one decision away. How does that constant fear effect an officers perception? Unfortunately, many that are attracted to law enforcement are aggressive and prone towards violen ce as a solution. Police officers have a lot of power. With this power comes responsibility. Police brutality can be defined as the excessive or unreasonable use of force in dealing with citizens, suspects and offenders. A nationally known example occurred on the morning of March 3, 1991. Rodney King was pulled out of his vehicle and beaten by two Los Angeles police officers. The LAPD had originally given chase to Mr. Kings vehicle due to a failure to yield. Officers fired a 50,000-volt Taser electric dart gun at Mr. King. They also hit King with batons. Mr. King, according to police officials, was hit approximately 56 times. Mr. King had 11 broken bones at the base of his skull. Also, the bones holding his eye in the right socket were broken (LA Times March 19, 1991 p. A20). The policemen reported that Mr. King appeared to be on PCP at the time he was pulled over. Subsequent tests indicated Mr. Ki...

Book Review of The Road by Cormac McCarthy

Book Review of 'The Road' by Cormac McCarthy Add the post-apocalyptic The Road to Cormac McCarthy’s growing list of masterpieces. It combines the terse but poetic meditations on the horrific depths of human depravity of his Blood Meridian with the taut, thriller writing found in his, No Country for Old Men. What separates The Road from his other works is McCarthy’s ability to capture moments of lyrical and emotional beauty in a father and son’s haunted relationship even as a silent cloud of death covers the world in darkness. Synopsis of  The Road A nameless man and his son trek to the coast in search of food, shelter, and some sign of life.Encounters with other humans are devastating affairs of cruelty, savagery, or despair.Even in a seemingly hopeless struggle for his son, the father notices moments that bring warmth.Though weary, moments of luck or providence seem to catch them before death’s grip can take hold.The Road doesn’t turn away from ultimate horror  but also doesn’t hide defiant love. Pros Sears its mark into your mind from the first sentence to weeks after you’ve put it down.Reveals the strength of a father’s love for his son in the bleakest of circumstances.Written by a master author who knows how to make every word count.Involves a post-apocalyptic world that is frighteningly realized. Cons Only recommended for aged and bold readers. Full Review of The Road â€Å"When he woke in the woods in the dark and the cold of the night he’d reach out to touch the child sleeping beside him.† A father and son are striving to survive in a wilderness that used to be a country that used to be the most prosperous nation on earth. All that is left is ash, floating and falling when the wind chooses not to breathe. This is the setting of The Road, a journey of survival only Cormac McCarthy could envision. McCarthy carves this world in a harsh, stark lyricism reserved for those who speak unflinching prophecy. Both the father and son are surrounded by a nightmare and are frightened by others when they sleep. They are always starving, always cautiously alert, only having a grocery cart with a few blankets and a gun with two bullets, either to protect against the cannibalistic humanity following their tracks or for the father to finish their lives before despair consumes them both. As they journey to the coast in search of something, the father tells the boy it is better to have nightmares because when you start dreaming, you know the end is near. McCarthy allows the reader to dream for them, striving on with them until a conclusion that whispers, under the pain and futility, of a sovereignty that is older than the destruction ever looming in the world. The Road is a brutally astonishing work. If your book discussion club is up for the dark themes, it is a book that will leave you wanting to discuss it with others. The movie adaptation is also available for those who prefer that medium. Check out our discussion questions for The Road to guide your exploration of the book further.

Hammurabi's Code - An Overview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hammurabi's Code - An Overview - Essay Example Various parts of the law were written in systematic way so that reading of the Code by the people was easily understandable and people could derive what was expected of them from the written laws. The code was inscribed upon a black stone monument, eight feet high, and clearly meant to be erected for reading by his people. This famous stone-carving was found in the year 1901, not in Babylon, but in a city of the Persian mountains, as some later victor must have taken it in victory. The code starts and finishes with calls to the gods. It shows how regard for gods was mandatory before reading a law code although the prayers were mainly curses for non-abiders of the law (Horne, 1915). The code commands in lucid and sure strokes the making of society. The judge who commits mistakes in a law case is to be ousted from his position and rank forever, and heavily penalized. The falsified witness is to be beheaded. In fact, all the serious crimes are awarded death. For instance, if a man const ructs a house poorly, and the structure comes down and kills the owner, the builder is to be beheaded. If the owner's son is killed, then the builder's son would be beheaded. The Hebrews imbibed from here the law of "an eye for an eye.† These serious retributive punishments do not count excuses or clarifications, but only of the truth--with one noticeable exception. An offender was permitted to drown himself into "the river," the Euphrates. Clearly, people were not familiar with swimming; if the waves brought the culprit to the river banks alive he was pronounced not-guilty, if he could not swim back he was declared guilty. It shows Hammurabi’s belief in the justice of the reigning gods, although a bit childishly, it was implanted in the minds of people (Horne, 1915). There are thousands of rulings of the ancient times based on Babylonian laws, the so-called "contracts," including a vast range of deeds, conveyances, bonds, receipts, accounts and, most critical of all, t he actual legal verdicts awarded by the judges in the law courts. It helped in conserving the so-called "Sumerian Family Laws† (Johns, 1911). One can not find any symptoms of tribal tradition from the law of the Code. It is a ruler’s law; similar to self-help, bloody fights, marriage by seizure is missing; though family unity, district duty, and difficult times – these ancient traits are visible. The king is a kind-hearted ruler who can be available to all his people, he is equally capable and ready to safeguard the oppressed against the noblest oppressor. The royalty can excuse such a high profile culprit only if there is no resentment among the people for the oppressor. The judges are regularly observed and appeal is permitted. There are feudal holdings, masters of the levy, and police. There exists a postal system. There is free movement by people from Babylon to the coast of the Mediterranean. Women hold a rank of respect and reverence in the Hammurabi code ( Johns, 1911). The Code did not just personify the customs of that time or safeguard ancient law. The law-abiding citizens and litigation had a record of centuries in the temple stores in each city, huge enough, of past decisions and copies of judicial awards, getting mixed with the city traditions. The ever-prevailing habit of writing and practice of written deeds even more

Puerto Rico - A commonwealth with U.S.A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Puerto Rico - A commonwealth with U.S.A - Essay Example The enjoining of Puerto Rico, according to analysts and researchers in historical studies, as a commonwealth in USA, is one that requires a detailed understanding of the events that took place prior and after the 1952 event. With the USA developing a relationship with Puerto Rico in the 1898 Spanish-American warfare, by the 20th century Puerto Rico was under the martial support of USA. In regards to the words by Levy & Bahrawi, by the year 1947 Puerto Rico was granted the right to select their own ruler, thanks to the US government (28). With Munoz Marin taking over Puerto Rico, the country arrived at the rank of US commonwealth in October 1950. Levy & Bahrawi indicate that the signing of the Puerto Rico Commonwealth Bill guaranteed the country’s status as a commonwealth of USA (28). On the other hand, the citizens of Puerto Rico consistently supported this status by voting for spiraling of the rapport between Puerto Rico and USA. However, it is vital to note that though the ratio for the commonwealth status was extremely high as opposed to the advocates against the commonwealth status, the nationalist movement was extremely willing to campaign for independence. Levy & Bahrawi are of the view that by January 2005 when Anibal Acevedo-Vila was elected the governor of Puerto Rico, the country was driven towards a struggle for autonomy or statehood of the country (29). It can, therefore, be argued that the commonwealth status of Puerto Rico was attained after granting of American citizenship to the Puerto Ricans. This was to later be a conflict especially after the disasters that faced the country under the American rule. In this case, the Puerto Ricans wanted change to be on their own. Puerto Ricans- USA citizens In the research compiled by Thomas, Puerto Ricans attained what would be referred as an exceptional status of US citizens (136). Though the Puerto Ricans were viewed as burdens to the New Yorkers especi ally in terms of distribution of resources in the city, Thomas is of the opinion that the Puerto Ricans were already US citizens and a long struggle would see to their independence (137). In the year 1917, the then US president, Woodrow Wilson signed the Jones- Shafroth Act which legalized the Puerto Ricans to be U.S. citizens. This is unlike the previous years when the Puerto Rico was a commonwealth of US. Upon signing of the Jones- Shafroth Act the Puerto Ricans became full US citizens. The Puerto Rican government was made similar to that of USA, as well as the Puerto Ricans enjoying civil rights in the country according to Sanchez (41). Of essence, Sanchez indicates that the Puerto Ricans became USA citizens after the signing of Jones-Shafroth Act (42). Though a lot of resentment resulted from this move, a majority of the Puerto Ricans would be forced to participate in US wars against other states, an aspect which did not please the Puerto Ricans. Protests followed soon after to campaign against USA control over Puerto Rico’s constitutional rules and the U.S. Congress. (517 words) Summary From the depictions by the authors of the works of the history of Puerto Rico, I not only like the pieces of compilations, but I am also impressed by the quality and depth of research conducted by the authors. In the work by Levy & Bahrawi on Puerto Rico for example, it is easy to get a glimpse of the history of Puerto Rico and commonwealth from the headings in the work. These headings allow the reader get a quick search of the related chapters and the facts behind the years. Levy & Bahrawi are also keen to give the accurate dates of the chronology of events that took place during that particular time in history, an aspect that makes me believe the facts inscribed in the book. The context of events is also evident from the piece, which gives the author an idea of what happened before, at the particular time and after the event. The reader therefore gets a clear pict ure of the entire theme brought forward by the authors. Having

When Things Fall Apart by Chodrun from chapter 1 to 18 Essay

When Things Fall Apart by Chodrun from chapter 1 to 18 - Essay Example Difficulties of life like aging, illness, getting what they do not want and many more are facts. The Buddha also faces these challenges. The teaching goes on stating that what causes unhappiness is when someone wants to avoid the facts of life and try to find happiness (Von Rosenberg 15). Turning upside down enables individuals to think upside down.Pema Chodrun states that suffering has a great role to play in our lives. Suffering will motivate people to look for answers to the problems us facing. Through suffering people, learn to have the feeling of empathy for other people facing the same problem. Through right thinking, we create the feeling of compassion for ourselves. We are compassionate on every part of ourselves that are unwanted. Compassion will create a room of relief and joy in us. It is a fundamental thing for everyone to feel happiness and in any case, when we start feeling unhappy, depressed we think that we lost something or we made a mistake (Von Rosenberg 19). When we incorporate the right thinking, we will appreciate suffering and view pain as a transformation to have the right thinking. When someone faces pain, we always look for happiness and satisfaction rather than having the right thinking and honor the quality of precisely what is happening in your life. It makes people run away from discomfort facing them. The situation makes them disappointed and unhappy Thus, Pema Chodrun urges one to have the right thinking and view situations like this as trying to develop our inner strengths (Von Rosenberg 21). What is more important is considering the inner strength as something that is only available when we are facing discomfort. When certain situation threatens us, we need to view first how we found ourselves at the discomfort. Inner strength will help find why we are in the situation. Pema Chodrun urges that we should accept

Riordan Manufacturing Key Stakeholders Essay Example for Free

Riordan Manufacturing Key Stakeholders Essay There are several stakeholders at Riordan Manufacturing to gather requirements from to provide a clear picture of the final project. The first stakeholder to gain input would come from the Chief Operations Officer, he was the requestor of the system upgrade, is responsible for the budget, which includes payroll. The Chief Legal Officer oversees the legal aspects of the human resources programs. The individual human resources managers within the individual facilities are the stakeholders who recruit and handle benefits for employees. Each facility has an accountant that oversees payroll and bonuses as well as the payroll specialist (Apollo, 2011). Information-gathering techniques and systems analysis tools Interviews will be the first form of information gathering that will be used. Interviews and survey forms are a very effective way to gather information. Through the user’s impressions, personal experiences, task related ideas, and attitudes on the current system can give a baseline for needs. The interviews will aid in forming a definition of the scope of the system requirements. Interviews will also allow the system analyst to understand what boundaries by which to take into consideration (Havelka and Lee, April 25, 2002). A checklist will be prepared prior to any interviews. It is important to prepare an interview guide so that interviewer knows what order to ask questions and the amount of time that should be spent on each area of the interview. The interview guide will include open-ended questions that will allow for follow-up discussions. The guide can also double as an outline for a summary of what comes out of the interviews (Havelka and Lee, April 25, 2002). The second information gathering technique will be to observe the stakeholders. Many managers plan their day without taking into account interruptions from phone calls or meetings. During the interview stage, an employee may state he or she is busy with e-mails throughout the day, but by observing the employee, it could be determined that he or she receives minimal e-mails. Observing behavioral measures allow for a more accurate reflection of current system operations and future requirements (Havelka and Lee, April 25, 2002). Gathering and analyzing procedures and other company documents is the third information gathering technique. Close examination of the systems and organizational documentation is another way to determining system requirements. This can lead to discovering defined details relating to current systems and the organizations they support. By analyzing documentation, the analyst can identify problems with existing systems, such as redundant steps or incomplete information. Analyzing allows for determining organizational direction that can influence information systems requirements, such as attempting to link corporate managers to local managers. Analyzing also allows for the identification of titles and names of important individuals who have an interest to the current existing systems (Havelka and Lee, April 25, 2002). Key factors too help ensure the information required for the project is gathered successfully. The first step in the information system development or modification process is to gather requirements. Information system requirements are frequently unreliable and insufficient. The reasons for failure usually are at the fault of management and people involved. Not necessary due to technology but more so due with improper planning (Havelka and Lee, April 25, 2002). Utilizing JAD (Joint Application Design) technique will improve the determining systems requirement process. JAD is a structured process where analysts, managers, and, users work together for several days in a series of intensive meetings to review system requirements. Organizations gather affected individuals that are affected by information systems together to agree on system requirements and design details (Valacich, 2012). A good facilitator should be able to keep the focus of stakeholders and the IT (Information Technology) department participants on the goal of specifying the system requirements. Another option managers have to improve interaction is the care in assignment of members to the project team. The selection of stakeholders and IT personnel with personal interest in the new system improves the chances for success (Havelka and Lee, April 25, 2002). Another factor to ensure success is to train the IT personnel on the system’s applications and processes. How well the IT personnel understand the systems is extremely relevant to the success of system implementation. The involvement of IT personnel, who have knowledge regarding the application requirements, increases the ability of the team to correctly and quickly specify the requirements. Experienced IT personnel on a team help ensure others understand terminology and have more of an understanding of the stakeholders needs (Havelka and Lee, April 25, 2002). Project scope and Why it is Important Project scope defines the goals of the project and the budget of both time and money that has been allocated to achieve the objectives. For the best results to be achieved, both the definition and the allocated budget must be precise and detailed. A good process scope document will define specifically the tasks to be completed or the delivered results. The project scope is important because it will define the specific date for which the deliverables will be due and list the allocated budget for them. The project scope will also list specific items not part of the project scope and are excluded from the work to be delivered (Reh, 2013). Areas of project feasibility that are examined in the analysis phase of the SCLC Project feasibility is examined during the systems analysis and requirements definition phase of the SCLC. This phase involves the setting of specific project goals, which defines the functions and operations, to be included in the project to achieve completion of the project. The project goals should be based on the analysis of the stakeholders information needs. This phase can also be called the feasibility study because it also defines personnel assignments, funds, schedule, goal dates, performances, and interfaces (India, May 18, 2012). References Apollo Group, Inc. (2011). Riordan Manufacturing. Retrieved from BSA/375 course. Havelka, D. and Lee, S (April 25, 2002). Critical Success Factors for Information Requirements Gathering. Retrieved from http://www.techrepublic.com/article/critical-success-factors- for-information-requirements-gathering/1060122 Reh, J. (2013). Project Scope. Retrieved from http://management.about.com/od/PMterms/g/Project-Scope.htm Rose India (May 18, 2012). System Development Life Cycle. Retrieved from www.roseindia.net Valacich, J. S., George, J. F., Hoffer, J. A. (2012). Essentials of systems analysis and design (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education

Commercialization and Tourism of Tibet’s Sacred Mountains :: Travel Economics Papers

Commercialization and Tourism of Tibet’s Sacred Mountains Tourism is emerging as a major industry, and in recent decades, it has developed rapidly in mountainous regions throughout the world, especially in the Himalayas. Presently it is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. The contemporary global middle-class spends a large amount of their disposable income on recreation and leisure. That money is increasingly being spent on activities such as mountaineering and trekking in the Himalayas and on the Tibetan plateau. This growth in the tourism sector has increased the influx of capital into the Tibetan economy while at the same time negatively changing the socio-cultural aspects of Tibetan life and the environment in which Tibetan communities make their home. The increase in tourism in Tibet and the consequent commercialization of Tibet’s sacred mountains may lead to a loss of traditional forms of cultural expression among the diverse indigenous people of Tibet. Sacred Worldview The Tibetan people behold a sacred worldview that embodies adoration and worship for their mountains. â€Å"As though realizing that their very existence depended on the water, which flowed down from the mountains, they worshipped them† (Cameron 1984: 31). To show respect for the mountains, the Tibetans lined mountain tracks with shrines, adorned prayer-flags on mountain slopes, and they thought of mountain peaks as gods. Even the names the Tibetans give their mountains show respect. They call Mount Everest the â€Å"Goddess mother of the world† and Annapurna the â€Å"Bringer of Life† (Cameron 1984: 21). The Tibetan civilization and religion in fact has deep roots in an appreciation of the environment (Wardle et al. 1996: vi). In the Buddhist tradition, spaces become sacred by their association with the Buddha or with other sacred persons (Eckel 2002: 65). Buddhism encourages this placement of value on land and nature. Buddhists believe that they live in harmony with nature, are interdependent with it, and continuity exists. Therefore, any destruction of nature that may be caused by tourism is viewed as sacrilegious. Types of Tourists Humans in the Himalayas over time traveled for the purposes of trade, resources, work, pilgrimage, or socializing. Some confirmations that travel has been an ongoing feature of the mountainous regions are the intricate systems of walking trails, resting places, and mountain passes, and presence of cultural traditions such as inn keeping and porters. Trade, livestock movements, journeys to work and ceremony are all traditional events that link the Himalayan places to one another over time (Karan and Zurick 1999: 16). Commercialization and Tourism of Tibet’s Sacred Mountains :: Travel Economics Papers Commercialization and Tourism of Tibet’s Sacred Mountains Tourism is emerging as a major industry, and in recent decades, it has developed rapidly in mountainous regions throughout the world, especially in the Himalayas. Presently it is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. The contemporary global middle-class spends a large amount of their disposable income on recreation and leisure. That money is increasingly being spent on activities such as mountaineering and trekking in the Himalayas and on the Tibetan plateau. This growth in the tourism sector has increased the influx of capital into the Tibetan economy while at the same time negatively changing the socio-cultural aspects of Tibetan life and the environment in which Tibetan communities make their home. The increase in tourism in Tibet and the consequent commercialization of Tibet’s sacred mountains may lead to a loss of traditional forms of cultural expression among the diverse indigenous people of Tibet. Sacred Worldview The Tibetan people behold a sacred worldview that embodies adoration and worship for their mountains. â€Å"As though realizing that their very existence depended on the water, which flowed down from the mountains, they worshipped them† (Cameron 1984: 31). To show respect for the mountains, the Tibetans lined mountain tracks with shrines, adorned prayer-flags on mountain slopes, and they thought of mountain peaks as gods. Even the names the Tibetans give their mountains show respect. They call Mount Everest the â€Å"Goddess mother of the world† and Annapurna the â€Å"Bringer of Life† (Cameron 1984: 21). The Tibetan civilization and religion in fact has deep roots in an appreciation of the environment (Wardle et al. 1996: vi). In the Buddhist tradition, spaces become sacred by their association with the Buddha or with other sacred persons (Eckel 2002: 65). Buddhism encourages this placement of value on land and nature. Buddhists believe that they live in harmony with nature, are interdependent with it, and continuity exists. Therefore, any destruction of nature that may be caused by tourism is viewed as sacrilegious. Types of Tourists Humans in the Himalayas over time traveled for the purposes of trade, resources, work, pilgrimage, or socializing. Some confirmations that travel has been an ongoing feature of the mountainous regions are the intricate systems of walking trails, resting places, and mountain passes, and presence of cultural traditions such as inn keeping and porters. Trade, livestock movements, journeys to work and ceremony are all traditional events that link the Himalayan places to one another over time (Karan and Zurick 1999: 16).

Budget Cuts in Education Essay

Drastic cuts in Florida’s educational system are in resulting increasing class sizes, the elimination of music, art, and other elective classes, the significant reduction in extracurricular activities, and a diminished ability to provide incentives for teachers to continue teaching. The effect of these changes will be a long term negative impact on teacher’s ability to teach and decrease our students’ ability to learn. Budget cuts are forcing qualified teachers out of the classroom where they are most effective and causing them to pursue other careers or academic endeavors. As stated in State Impact, because of the shortage of funds of over $170 million, Broward County alone has laid off more than 2,400 employees and most of them have been teachers (O’Connor, 2011). Andy Ford, president of the Florida Education Association, the statewide teachers union, said the union is expecting about 20,000 teacher layoffs (Castro, 2011). As a result of these layoffs, and current graduating teaching students, school districts are left with a surplus of teachers. Many have the opportunity to come back to work before the next school year begins but may not be at the same school or even teaching the same grade level. Because this is based on seniority, those teachers who have been laid off and unfortunately are not one of the chosen to go back to work, have been forced to go back to school to either continue to pursue their education career or pursue a completely different major. Recent layoffs have resulted in, expanded classroom sizes with potentially disastrous effect on student performance. There once was a time classrooms had a maximum of 20 students. In some states, classroom sizes have expanded to as much as 36 students in one class. According to Science Daily, reports show that students in small classes in grades four through six consistently have better results than students in large classes. Those in small classes that had better cognitive and non-cognitive skills, had better scores on standardized national tests in grades six and nine, and perceived themselves as developing more self-confidence and greater patience (Expertanswer, 2012). Budget cuts that result in inreased class sizes need to be made with these considerations in mind. Many people are not aware of the effect of music on students’ ability to learn and retain information, yet as documented previously, music classes are one of the first programs to be cut in this environment. According to Science Daily, there is now definitive proof of different brain development and improved memory of students who take music lessons when compared to those who do not (Press, 2006). â€Å"Not only do the brains of musically-trained children respond to music in a different way to those of the untrained children, but also that the training improves their memory as well. After one year the musically trained children performed better in a memory test that is correlated with general intelligence skills such as literacy, verbal memory, visuospatial processing, mathematics and IQ† (Press, 2006). If it costs $2. 5 million to have an art program, music program, and physical education program, one can see why school are making these cuts, however; in the light of this research provided, we can see that these cuts will be coming at the expense of our students cognitive abilities. As the budgets get smaller, and the expenses are getting bigger, specials and elective classes are being cut. Music and art have been eliminated in some schools. In others, it is just part time. Students are not getting the basic musical and artistic education, which were once available years ago. Teachers who used to teach elective classes are forced to teach core subjects if they still want a job. Physical education classes have also been cut in some schools or have been reduced significantly. Some teachers work at two different schools. For example, three days out of the week, they may work at an elementary school and the other two days; they may work at a middle or high school. As a result to physical education being reduced or eliminated, childhood obesity may be more of a concern. Because physical activity has been extremely reduced in many households because of television, it is important that students have physical education in school. Teachers do not have many incentives to continue teaching. There is no money to purchase simple materials for the classroom. As said in Public Good, Public Cuts; elementary schoolteachers have resorted to asking students to buy supplies at the beginning of the school year (Economists, 2011). A suggested list is available for the parents and these supplies are what the students will need for the duration of the school year. Many teachers spend their own money to purchase supplies as well. Students in middle school and high school do fundraisers to raise money for special events at their schools. The effects of these budget cuts are impacting every area of students’ academic experience including the frequency of the update in the school textbooks. Schools typically updated their textbooks every few years, however; with these budget cuts; this researcher has found that students may be using the same textbooks for 10-15 years due to the lack of funds. Although this may not be an issue with some subjects, there are subjects, such as History and Social Studies that are subjects that require updated information as years go on. If students used the same textbook for 15 years, a History book would be missing three presidents. Textbooks are an essential part of student’s education and if there are no funds to purchase new ones, students in the United States will be behind compare to other countries are much more advanced concerning education. Field trips and extracurricular activities have been reduced or eliminated. Students do not have the chance to go on all the field trips that were once upon a time offered. Field trips that are now taken tend to be at the cost of the parents. Parents have been forced to come out-of-pocket for the entire cost of field trips. Schools also sponsor fundraisers to assist these parents in paying for some of those costly trips. For example, fifth grade students who are going on their end of the year trip may sell donuts or candy boxes in efforts to raise money to pay for that trip. Some schools do not have funding to continue specific sports. Fees have increased and parents are having pay out-of-pocket for student’s uniforms and to travel to games in order to continue these sport teams. Budget cuts are now negatively affecting the actual physical environment in which students learn. According to State Impact, future possible district budget cuts in efforts to save jobs include â€Å"eliminating art, music, technology and/or reading teachers to save up to $4. 1 million, eliminating middle and high school athletic programs and saving $2. 2 million, and raising thermostats one degree to 78 degrees, the highest allowed by state law, saving $500,000† (O’Connor, 2011). With increasing class sizes and increase in temperatures, students will now be forced to learn in cramped, potentially uncomfortable conditions that will impact negatively student learning. Given the negative impact of described these budget cuts, it would be wise to consider alternative options to deal with budget shortfalls. Other options of saving money are available, such as teachers taking extended holidays without pay. School district saved millions of dollars by closing all public schools two extra days during thanksgiving break. Schools should only have been closed Wednesday through Friday but the district managed to get approval to close Monday and Tuesday as well. The economic condition has affected drastically the public schools due to the budget cuts they have faced. It has caused major setbacks because there is no money available to supply the materials these students need to learn effectively. At this rate, schools eventually will begin to shut down. Teachers have already begun to retire early because they can only foresee it getting worse. Something has got to give at this point, but it should not be at the expense of student’s education. If schools cannot teach students the simpler things, such as what encyclopedias are which may be an opportunity for parents to spend more bonding time with their children and take them to the library to learn new things. Sooner than later, students in Pre-kindergarten and kindergarten will be attending school for half a day only instead of a full day in efforts to save money. It is imperative that parents encourage educational activities at home as well as physical activities. Broward County Schools are suffering drastically. Although they seem to have it figured out, cutting art, music, physical education, and other special programs may not be what is best for the students.

The Ship of Theseus

ABSTRACT: Endurantism and perdurantism are theories that describe how objects can persist through time. These theories will be used in an effort to solve a puzzle that has been dated all the way back to the first century: the Ship of Theseus. It will be determined that the two theories fail in solving the Ship of Theseus puzzle. According to Brian Garrett of Australian National University, metaphysics is concerned with the nature and identity of objects. 1 In order to increase understanding of the identity of objects, puzzles of constitution and identity are used by philosophers.There is a puzzle common in metaphysics: the Ship of Theseus, which was believed to be recorded by Plutarch in the late first century2. It is complex puzzle that consists of three different scenarios. The first scenario depicts a ship being dismantled and then rebuilt. The second scenario portrays the ship being completely remodeled. The third scenario is a mixture of the previous ones that have the ship bein g completely remodeled, but the removed planks are used to construct another ship. In order to solve this puzzle, one must be able to identify which ship is the Ship of Theseus.Philosophical theories can be used to solve philosophical puzzles such as this one and there are two theories that exist that help one understand how objects persist through time: endurantism and perdurantism. According to endurantism, ordinary objects are wholly present at each moment of time at which they exist3. In perdurantism, objects are four dimensional entities that consist of temporal and spatial parts and these objects persist by having different temporal parts at different times4. Once one has knowledge of endurantism and perdurantism, the theories can be used to solve puzzles such as the Ship of Theseus.However, in this paper, it will be shown that the puzzle of the Ship of Theseus cannot be solved using endurantism and perdurantism. This is because attempts made by endurantists and perdurantists result in unintuitive consequences. This will be done first by explaining and assessing endurantism and perdurantism. Then it will be shown that the two theories fail in solving the Ship of Theseus because of problems that are encountered. After that, the Extensionality Principle will be discussed, which is used by perdurantists as a criterion for identity.It will be determined that this principle is also flawed and is also unable to give an account for the identity of objects. Firstly, endurantism is the view that physical objects are three-dimensional and move through time. They are wholly present at each moment of time at which they exist. For example, if a man was born in 1975, attended kindergarten class in 1980, and graduated from high school in 1993, endurantists would claim that this man was wholly present at each of those different times. He will continue to wholly exist in the future as well.Primary motivation for this theory is that it is a more conventional view and is m ore in conjunction with believed upon ideas about the world. For example, when a woman is talking to someone, she believes that she is talking to that person as a complete object, wholly present; as opposed to just a temporal part of an object. The theory of endurantism has been explained. It must be noted, however, that this theory holds that two numerically distinct, but wholly present objects can co-exist for some of the time or at all times.Brian Garrett says that this hinders the authenticity of endurantism because the statement is strange5. Perdurantism does not have this problem. The theory of perdurantism is the view that ordinary objects are four-dimensional and are composed of temporal parts. An object is not wholly present at every possible time at which it exists because only its temporal parts exist. In the previous example, when the man is born, or attends kindergarten, or graduates from high school, the man is not wholly present according to perdurantism.Instead, it i s the man’s temporal parts that existed during those events; the man itself exists as a four-dimensionally extended whole. Primary motivation for perdurantism is that this theory is able to account for change within a physical object because the objects are four-dimensional. On the contrary, endurantism does not have this luxury. Perdurantism is also primarily motivated by how it better accommodates Albert Einstein’s theory of special relativity. There are problems that arise if both endurantism and special relativity are true. According to Steven D. Hales and Timothy A.Johnson of Bloomsburg University, â€Å"it would be misguided to argue† for endurantism because special relativistic effects â€Å"are negligible at human speeds†. 6 The theory of special relativity does not allow for endurantism because of how it requires objects such as humans to move through time at a slower speed than the speed of light. Given that special relativity is a widely accept ed theory, perdurantists have strong motivation to prove their view7. Secondly, even though endurantism and perdurantism help explain the persistence of objects over time, neither view is able to solve the puzzle of the Ship of Theseus.In the Ship of Theseus, there are three different scenarios. In the first scenario, the Ship of Theseus is dismantled and then rebuilt with each plank being returned to its original location— we’ll call this ship Y1. In the second scenario, the ship is completely remodeled with an entirely new set of planks— we’ll call this ship X1. In the third scenario, two ships are involved. The ship from the second scenario (now called ship X) is present, but an entirely different ship that is being constructed out of the planks that had been removed (called ship Y) is also present.In order to solve this puzzle, the Ship of Theseus must be identified. However, flaws in endurantism are shown by how the endurantist must deny that Y1 is e qual to Y. This is done in order to respect the necessity of identity and non-identity which states that if x = y, then necessarily x = y8. However, what this entails is that one could claim that if the removed planks had not been replaced in the third scenario, then ship Y would not have existed and instead ship Y1 would have existed. This means that the existence of ship Y or Y1 entirely depends on whether or not the removed planks were replaced.Brian Garrett refers to this consequence as â€Å"strange† because â€Å"we don’t think that the existence of a particular ship (or of anything else in space and time) depends on what happens in a region of the universe which exerts no causal influence on it†9. This is a flaw for the endurantism theory because it denotes that an object’s existence is dependent on an event that has no direct influence on it. Furthermore, perdurantism also fails in correctly solving the Ship of Theseus. According to perdurantism, the third scenario involves the presence of two ships prior to the repair of the Ship of Theseus.They are overlapping one another. This represents that the ships have a common temporal segment where they are basically one and the same ship. After the repair, the two ships separate with one being ship X and the other being ship Y. The problem, however, is that one cannot think that there are three possible outcomes anymore. One cannot think that the future of the Ship of Theseus will be the same as that of the ship in the first scenario, the ship in the second scenario, or the ships in the third scenario because each of the ships are distinct from one another.This is a problem, according to Garrett, because people â€Å"could sensibly wonder† if the future for the Ship of Theseus will be like any of the three scenarios when it is being constructed10. He means that ordinary people should be able to think about the Ship of Theseus and think about what future it might behold. How ever, the theory of perdurantism must deny that three possible futures are available for the ship. As a result, we are left with either believing that people are not able to wonder about the ship’s future (which cannot be true) or perdurantism is unable to solve the puzzle of the Ship of Theseus.Moreover, perdurantism fails in solving the puzzle because of the name: ‘Ship of Theseus’. It has been discussed that the Ship of Theseus has a temporal part where there are two overlapping ships. However, which of the two overlapping ships is the actual Ship of Theseus when the name is being called? This is a problem because both ships cannot be called the Ship of Theseus. Perdurantism cannot account for this confusion. This shows that perdurantism is unable to solve the puzzle of the Ship of Theseus.Overall, the theories of endurantism and perdurantism have been explained and it has been shown that both theories are unable to solve the puzzle of the Ship of Theseus. How ever, there are criterions for identity that exist that could provide a criterion of identification for objects through time. One criterion for identity that will be talked about is the Extensionality Principle; it is used by perdurantists because it is a criterion of identity for four-dimensional objects11. The Extensionality Principle, according to Garrett, states: if x and y are objects with the same proper parts, then x=y.This means that if two different objects have the same properties, then the two objects are the same12. However, there are flaws in the Extensionality Principle that causes it to fail in providing a criterion of identification. According to Lecture notes, in order for objects to be identical, it is not enough for the object to have all the same parts. This is because the parts of identical objects must be related to each other or arranged in a certain order13. Therefore, a problem arises regarding temporal parts of an object. How do the temporal parts have the proper order?As a result of this problem, the Extensionality Principle must be revised. But if it is revised, according to lecture notes, the principle will no longer be an extensional principle14. Furthermore, there is no explanation as to why time would provide the correct order for temporal parts of an object. These problems show that the Extensionality Principle fails in providing a criterion of identification; and this harkens back to how the puzzle of the Ship of Theseus cannot be solved. It has been shown that the puzzle of the Ship of Theseus cannot be solved.This was first determined by explaining the theories of endurantism and perdurantism and revealing the primary motivation for each of them. These theories depict how objects persist through time; yet, the theories cannot be used to correctly solve the Ship of Theseus puzzle. Lastly, the Extensionality Principle was described and it was shown that the principle was unable to solve the Ship of Theseus puzzle. As one can s ee, the Ship of Theseus is a difficult puzzle to solve and it has been around since the late first century. Will there ever be a theory that correctly identifies the Ship of Theseus once and for all?