Households and domesticity in ancient world

How Valid is Mazarakis Ainian ‘s Hypothesis that Rulers ‘ Dwellings in the Early Iron Age were the Forerunner of the Urban Temples of Later Periods?In this paper I am traveling to review Mazarakis Ainian ‘s averment that there is a strong nexus between swayers ‘ homes and early temples in both map and architecture. I shall get down by placing what it is that separates a swayer ‘s home from the remainder of a community and shall so seek to place why a house would be used as a temple and the grounds for why there would hold been the passage to a dedicated spiritual edifice.House types of the Early Iron AgeThe period of the Early Iron Age ( EIA ) covers about 1100-700 BC and encompasses the so called ‘Dark Ages ‘ which followed the Mycenaean prostration and which ends in the passage to the Early Archaic period of the seventh century. It can be divided into the Protogeometric and Geometric periods of 1100-900 and 900-700BC severally. It is Mazarakis Ainian ‘s chief statement that due to the evident absence of temples of any sort within colonies prior to the mid eighth century BC, swayers ‘ homes alternatively served as Centres of communal cult ( 1988: 106 ) . It would hence be utile to look at the scope of house signifiers known from this early period, to place what separates elect lodging from other constructing types and besides the grounds they contain to propose ritual or spiritual activity. Although there are comparatively few colony sites staying, peculiarly 1s incorporating identifiable house remains or foundations, in comparing to subsequently periods in the Grecian World, Lang recognizes two chief types of house agreement ; detached and agglomerated. Both types of colony normally show that they were unplanned, having irregular street layouts which most frequently follow the local topography ( Lang 2007: 183 ) . The colony of Zagora on the island of Andros is demonstrative of the agglomerative house type while Emporio on Chios shows detached. This may nevertheless be brooding of colony size ; Zagora may good hold begun with a degage house agreement but its location on a drop top tableland and ensuing bounds on infinite, any addition in population may hold required new houses to be built in close propinquity to bing 1s. The alteration from little to big bunchs of houses can be seen in the programs drawn of the EIA and Archaic remains at the site ( fig. 1 ) . This has nevertheless led to several bookmans proposing that the house layout of Zagora reflects an early illustration of the courtyard house prevalent in the Classical Period ( Coucouzeli 2007: 169-181, Morris 1998 ) . The statement for this does non look wholly convincing, but I shall non turn to it farther in this paper. House types within these agreements besides varied. They were most normally composed of one or two little suites with rectangular, egg-shaped, apsidal or the somewhat less common round land programs ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: Ch. 1 ) . The agglomerative colony lent itself best to rectangular land programs as seen with Zagora ( figure 1 ) . Geographic location appears to hold played a portion in the distribution of the different house types with, for illustration, egg-shaped edifices of the Geometric Period being chiefly found in Attica and Euboea, the East Greek islands and West seashore Asia Minor but seldom identified elsewhere ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: 86 ) . It is the edifices of apsidal and rectangular programs that Mazarakis Ainian suggests were the ancestors of the Archaic temple and the most preferable designs for swayer ‘s homes. They can be divided into two groups ; those with a closed frontage are classified as ‘oikoi ‘ and those with an unfastened frontage are known as anta edifices ( 1997: 259 ) . At many of the colonies there is normally a home that stands out in footings of size, program and location from all others in the locality and it is these that are assumed swayers ‘ homes. Figure 2 high spots this in a comparing of elect homes of certain type, dwelling of a chief room with smaller rear chamber, and other domestic edifices of similar form.The House as TempleThe extent to which these likely elite houses show similarity in signifier and map to the first urban temples will now hold to be considered. To get down to reply this, the grounds for why these houses would be used as focal point of ritual ac tivity in the first topographic point demand to be looked into. M. Ainian calls these edifices swayers ‘ homes, but who were these powerful work forces and how far would their power have extended within their community? Mazarakis Ainian suggests that the swayers who inhabited these homes would hold been work forces who came to power on either a familial footing or through possessing desirable personal virtuousnesss ( 1997: 270 ) . In anthropological footings this would do them either heads or large work forces. He proposes that in some countries these powerful work forces may hold had their beginnings as local governors in the Late Helladic IIIB Period, and so would hold maintained control of little colonies after the Mycenaean prostration. In most countries colonies would hold been little made up of one or two drawn-out households, with the caput of the dominant or possibly oldest family going responsible for the direction of communal personal businesss ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: 375, 393 ) . Thomas and Conant express it good: The community is virtually an drawn-out household, and the small town leader, the caput of the most of import household. ( Thomas and Conant 1999: 52 ) This reflects what is thought from Homer ; that the Oikos consisting of drawn-out household of possibly three coevalss was the basic ‘kinship, residential and economic unit ‘ with any figure of oikoi doing up a community ( Donlan 1985: 299 ) . It would merely look logical that as portion of his control of communal responsibilities the ‘chief ‘ would besides be in charge of spiritual cult pattern. When the colony was little and lone consisting of the one affinity group the ideal topographic point to idolize a divinity or ascendant would hold been within his place. As the colony grew possibly this pattern continued as tradition. It is M. Ainian ‘s position that by literally lodging spiritual pattern the swayer was keeping his prestigiousness and control within the community ( 1997: 393 ) . The control of faith by a individual swayer, or double swayers in this peculiar instance, was continued into subsequently periods by the male monarchs of Sparta who cont inued to move as main priests, retaining their spiritual function ( Mazarakis Ainian 1988: 118 ) . This would look to propose that spiritual responsibilities would and could hold been controlled by the colony leader. There would therefore look to be several strong accounts as to why a swayer ‘s house would hold come to be used as a precursor to the temple. The archeological grounds is largely in support of this position, with domestic and ritual artifacts frequently found in association. Nichoria, a site in Messenia is a good illustration of this. At this site two peculiar house remains, known as unit IV-1 and unit IV-5, stand out from the remainder of the homes in the locality. As a consequence it could be said with comparative certainty that they held some particular importance within the community. Both were rather big apsidal edifices surrounded by little seemingly low position apsidal huts. The first, IV-1, has been dated to the tenth century BC while IV-5 most probably replaced it in the 9th. IV-1 is the most complete of the constructions and digging found that it contained a paved circle raised on a dais and covered with a bed of burned stuff ; nearby an sum of animate being bone was besides recovered. This suggested to the excavators that it may hold been a temple, with the paved circle operation as an communion table. Other di scoveries of a domestic nature were besides found nevertheless, proposing that it was possibly of importance both as a home and for its ritual significance ( Lukermann and Moody 1978: 94 ) . Ritual banqueting was another facet of ancient Greek spiritual pattern that M. Ainian identifies as perchance holding a case in point within the swayers ‘ home. Whitley though argues that the big sums of animate being castanetss and imbibing vass in association with fireplaces and benches in some homes does propose banqueting, but for the intent of doing bonds of commitment and beef uping authorization within the community ( Whitley 1991: 185 ) . Mazarakis Ainian does non deny that banquets were most likely taking topographic point for these grounds, but besides tenuously suggests that they would hold been held for ritual intents ( 1997: 379-80 ) . The grounds he cites for this nevertheless is limited at best, and he does rely somewhat on justification from the Homeric heroic poems in this peculiar country, despite his unfavorable judgment for other bookmans on this point. I am nevertheless inclined to take up his point of position in this affair. Although it is certain that fe asts did happen in swayers ‘ homes, the grounds available makes their purpose hard to find, but as antecedently argued, the swayer took on the function of ‘priest ‘ which makes it likely that some signifier of ritual dining must hold taken topographic point within his house alongside the other signifiers mentioned. The architectural similarities between swayers ‘ homes and early temples besides give acceptance to M. Ainian ‘s hypothesis. They portion similar land programs, being largely rectangular or apsidal and holding the entryway in the short side, significance that every cult edifice of the Late Geometric Period had an architectural opposite number in a domestic edifice of the same or earlier day of the month ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: 388 ) . Apparently so this demonstrates really close ties between the edifice types that must certainly stand for a continuance of tradition. Snodgrass nevertheless does foreground that shrines may hold existed as separate entities in earlier periods as direct ancestors of the classical temple, but because architectural criterions were lower they can non be differentiated from domestic constructions ( Snodgrass 1980: 58 ) . Some edifices, such as edifice C at Koukounaries, appear to portion greater similarity with banqueting halls than with abodes as they consist of merely the one big room without any noticeable divisions ( figure 3 ) . A individual unfastened infinite like this would look more ideal as a topographic point for banqueting than as a life infinite for the elite. This would propose a remarkable function and specific intent for these peculiar edifices instead than holding the double intent of brooding and Centre of cult that is cardinal to M. Ainian ‘s statement. If this was the instance so the temple, which fulfilled the function of communal banqueting hall and garnering topographic point in the Archaic Period, could be seen as holding its beginnings as a typical, separate construction in an urban scene at a much earlier day of the month. Lang though believes that EIA society would non hold been developed plenty socially or economically to let for the building of public edifices of remarkable map ( Lang 2007: 186 ) . Ideas of public and private infinite had non been developed and so the separation of domestic and sacred would non hold been necessary ; the demand for a typical temple edifice within the confines of the colony would non hold existed. Small discoveries from within many of the big constructions suggest a scope of domestic maps took topographic point within, instead than the remarkable grounds of dining that would be expected from a banqueting hall. The bulk of edifices believed to be swayers ‘ homes are divided into compartments or suites with edifice C at Koukounaries being one of merely several exclusions to this ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: 271 ) . His most convincing statement is that without these being classed as places of governing households, there would be small archeological grounds to propose Grecian society was stratified as opposed to classless during the EIA ( 1997: 271 ) . It would therefore look improbable in visible radiation of the grounds that temples would hold existed in their ain right during in urban contexts during this period. Rulers ‘ homes apparently would hold filled the function finally played by the temple, with the leader, the head or large adult male, executing the responsibilities of priest.Passage to TempleIt does look that swayers ‘ homes would hold been the Centre of at least some sort of ritual spiritual activity within EIA communities. So why was there the passage to the separate urban temple at the terminal of the 8th and beginning of the seventh century? These new temples, in the beginning at least, would hold carried out the same spiritual map as the houses of the elite had done, but were merely designed for this remarkable intent. This alteration must certainly hold represented new thoughts emerging of dividing public and privat e infinite and in bend reflect societal, political and even economic alteration. Prior to the mid eighth century, temples as edifices in their ain right merely appear to hold existed at extra-urban sanctuaries ; that is those which are outside any peculiar colony. One illustration of such a edifice is the rural shrine at Pachlitsani Agriada near Kavousi on Crete ( Mazarakis Ainian 1988: 116 ) . The edifice contained a bench on which idols stood and besides the remains of several graven images, perchance dedications to the goddess Eileithyia ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: 212 ) . It is dated tenuously from the manner of the graven images to the Protogeometric at the earliest and the bend of the 8th/7th century at the latest, with M. Ainian preferring the earlier day of the month. There was hence a case in point for edifices that were built for the exclusive intent of worship, either to a God, an ascendant or hero, but non within a colony. As has been mentioned the map of a temple was carried out by the swayers ‘ home and so there was no demand for such a edifice u ntil about 750BC.From so onwards this position changed and temples began to look in a figure of urban colonies across Greece. Of class the alterations taking topographic point did non make so at the same time across the full Grecian Universe, but 750BC appears to hold been the turning point from which the temple finally dominated as the primary focal point of spiritual cult. Mazarakis Ainian suggests that the passage to temples occurred as a consequence of political and societal alteration ; specifically the diminution of the monarchal system. He proposes that when the so called ‘basileus ‘ , the leader of the community, had control over the direction of communal personal businesss including spiritual facets, the sacred and non sacred were non separated. It is his sentiment therefore that the rise of temples from the mid eighth century was a direct consequence of the abolishment of monarchy in favor of an blue system. The former leader would hold lost many of his powers and in peculiar the control of cult activity ( Mazarakis Ainian 1988: 118 ) . This implies that control would hold passed to the ‘state ‘ as it existed at the clip, followed by the separation of the every-day into public and private, sacred and non sacred. This is one possible account as to the passage of cult from swayers ‘ brooding to temple and it is closely linked with the other chief account ; the rise of the polis, which shall be discussed shortly. Harmonizing to M. Ainian, the building of temples meant the remotion of cult from private to public control and so besides implied the remotion of power from the single i.e. the colony leader. Although it is widely held that power did bit by bit go more widely distributed between a figure of elect as opposed to being held by one adult male, and is seen in the archeological record by the progressively hard undertaking of placing swayers ‘ homes from the architectural remains of this period, it could non hold been the instance everyplace as evidenced by the continued presence of sovereign into the Archaic Period and beyond ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: 382 ) . His logical thinking does non take into history that temples themselves, as monumental constructions, could besides be interpreted as shows of authorization and wealth of a high position person in the same manner swayers ‘ homes had done, while possibly at the same time in other countries stand foring competition between c ommunities and a show of the corporate power of the ‘state ‘ . The best counter-argument to his position must certainly be the instance of Sparta, as a good documented metropolis where the establishment of kingship was maintained, yet besides featured temples. He argues that for monumental temples to be constructed it required communal consensus, attempt and resources that would non hold been possible under a individual swayer ( 1997: 384 ) . Yet, by his ain statement, the earliest temples frequently resembled swayers ‘ homes in form every bit good as map, and so the really first temples at least could hold been constructed utilizing bing resources and work force ( 1988: 116 ) . He is nevertheless right in proposing that a swayer at the degree of ‘chief ‘ would be improbable to command adequate power in order to build a truly monumental edifice of any sort. The ‘Heroon ‘ at Lefkandi may be the exclusion to this ; at 47 meters long, 10 meters broad and dating to c.950BC it was bigger than anything else built in Greec e for more than the following 200 old ages. It has been suggested that this excessively may hold served as a home before being converted into a funerary construction ( De Waele 1998: 384 ) . It would once more confute M. Ainian ‘s theory as it was most probably constructed to house the people finally buried within it instead than for the broader community, but within the range of this paper shall be treated as an anomalousness. This aside so, it would look to come down to a inquiry non of who was in charge, the person or the many, but the phase of development as a society that they were at. Sparta was able to hold temples even under a dyarchy because it had developed into a polis and accordingly was at a phase of political development that allowed for the separation of the sacred and the non sacred, the populace from the private. It has even been argued that it was a necessary demand for the development of the metropolis province. Starr asserts that the outgrowth of purpose built temples indicates civic integrity merely possible through the societal construction and centralized authorities of the polis ( Starr 1986: 39 ) . Thomas and Conant agree to an extent with this position, proposing that spiritual commonalty would hold contributed towards the turning coherence of colonies and added to the sense of community beyond affinity groups. But they go farther in suggesting that this manifested itself in the bu ilding of grander constructions to honor the Gods and hence played a important portion in the development of the community and individuality of the polis ( Thomas and Conant 1999: 138-9 ) . From these two statements the inquiry is formed as to whether the temple was a consequence of the rise of the polis, or if the polis was merely possible through the creative activity of, or at least the societal, political and economic conditions necessary for the building of, the urban temple. To decently reply this would necessitate an in deepness expression into the rise of the polis which is beyond the bounds of this paper, but no affair what the reply it is clear that the outgrowth of both were inexorably linked. If, as harmonizing to Mazarakis Ainian, it was the displacement from monarchy to shared regulation that led to the demand for temples so it would go forth those metropoliss that did non travel through this political alteration as exclusions to the regulation. To give him the benefit of the uncertainty, what he is most likely seeking to state is that urban temples were a phenomenon of ‘state ‘ regardless of its signifier of authorities every bit long as the power was shared in some manner. I would therefore suggest that his usage of the term ‘monarchy ‘ is misdirecting in this context as he alternatively seems to be mentioning to the alteration from chiefdom degree regulation to that of province degree ; therefore indirectly besides back uping the thought that the beginnings of the polis was the ground for alteration.DecisionsSo is Mazarakis Ainian ‘s hypothesis valid? The grounds for the period he is analyzing is comparatively limited, embracing as it do es the so called Dark Age of Greece, but what is known from the archeological record does non look to confute his decisions. That is non to state nevertheless that it to the full endorses him either. In several illustrations presented the archeology could be interpreted in a figure of ways but would look to back up his statement through other indirect associations. This can peculiarly be seen in the grounds for banqueting within swayers ‘ homes which does be, but its ritual nature is difficult to find. Its reading as such is largely dependent on whether the colony swayer genuinely took on the mantle of priest as argued. Although there are several separate and valid statements in support of his point of view, in my sentiment if merely one facet such as the degree of authorization of a colony leader was thrown into uncertainty, the other statements would go well weaker. Despite this, holding considered the chief points of Mazarakis Ainian ‘s statement and the available grounds I have drawn similar decisions, and would therefore back up his hypothesis that swayers ‘ homes were so a precursor in both signifier and map of the early temple.BibliographyCoucouzeli, A. 2007. From Megaron to Oikos at Zagora. In R. Westgate, N. Fisher and J. Whitley ( explosive detection systems ) , Constructing Communities: House, Settlement and society in the Aegean and Beyond, 169-181.British School at Athens.Lang, F. 2007. House-Community-Settlement: The New Concept of Living in Archaic Greece. In R.Westgate, N. Fisher and J. Whitley ( explosive detection systems ) , Constructing Communities: House, Settlement and society in the Aegean and Beyond, 183-193. British School at Athens.Lukermann, F. and Moody, J. 1978. Nichoria and Vicinity: Colonies and Circulation. In G. Rapp andS. Aschenbrenner ( explosive detection systems ) , Excavations at Nichoria in Southw est Greece: Volume I. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.Mazarakis Ainian, A. 1997. From Rulers Dwellings to Temples: Architecture, Religion and Society in Early Iron Age Greece 1100-700BC. Jonsered: Paul Astroms Forlag.Mazarakis Ainian, A. 1988. Early Grecian Temples: Their Beginning and Function. In R. Hagg, N. Marinatos and G. Nordquist ( explosive detection systems ) , Early Grecian Cult Practice, 105-119. Capital of sweden: Paul Astroms Forlag.Morris, I. 1998. Archaeology and Archaic Greek History. In N. Fisher and H. new wave Wees ( explosive detection systems ) , Archaic Greece: New Approaches and New Evidence, 1-91. Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales.Snodgrass, A. 1980. Archaic Greece: The Age of Experiment. London and Toronto: J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd.Starr, C. G. 1986. Individual and Community: the Rise of the Polis 800-500BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Thomas, C. G. and Conant, C. 1999. Citadel to City State. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press .Whitley, J. 1991. Style and Society in Dark Age Greece: The Changing Face of a Pre-Literate Society 1100-700BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Were Stalin’s Purges in the 1930’s a success or a disaster?

By 1929, Joseph Stalin had become the undisputed leader of one of the largest populations in the world. He achieved this through a combination of political scheming, the mistakes of his opponents and the ingenious way in which he built up his power base. Stalin had great plans, but in order to execute them, he needed power. It seemed there was only one way to keep Russia in order – to control the people to such an extent that they would be afraid to even think of opposing him. Stalin, like Tsar Nicolas II before him, had trouble keeping this vast country in order. Soon, the terror increased, as Stalin tried to keep control and the death count rose. Was this really the way forward? By the end of the 1930s, terror and distrust reigned alongside Stalin. In 1934 the leader of the Leningrad Communist Party, Kirov, was murdered. Stalin used this as an excuse to purge his opponents and all opposition. It is now suspected that this move was pre-empted by Stalin, in order for him to be able to wipe out all resistance. Stalin was, however, never proved as the murderer, and kept the trust of his people. Soon, Stalin had appropriate reasoning to be able to purge most of the rest of the cabinet members, and arrested around 500,000 party constituents. After this, Stalin moved onto the army, concentrating on the officers. This move was not so clever, as this meant Stalin had eliminated not only threats, but possible help too. The purges were extended, and Stalin turned his attention onto university lecturers, teachers, miners, engineers, factory managers and even ordinary workers, just to stay in control. He achieved that, but little else it seems. Stalin lost all support which was not forced, and had to retrain officers and workers, to replace the ones imprisoned or dead. By 1937, an estimated 18 million people had been purged, with little reasoning as to why. The cracks began to show, as Stalin wiped out more and more people, to stay in authority of an ever-shrinking public. Although these Purges were villainous, Stalin had some reasoning behind them. His aims were more concentrated on the long term, in which all his opponents were destroyed, and Stalin had complete control. However, Stalin appeared to focus on one area of improvement at a time, as although the Purges helped him gain control, they also stopped improvement in other areas, such as becoming stronger. As Stalin had eliminated a lot of army officers, it meant that if Russia came under threat of war, the newly-trained soldiers would not be able to fight well, and could jeopardise the victory of any war. The Purges also effected Collectivisation, as Stalin purged many Kulaks, who worked on the land. This caused chaos in the countryside, as in anger the Kulaks burnt their crops and slaughtered their animals. In 1933 there was famine, as food production fell and starving peasants watched Communist officials sending food for export. A leader whose callous disregard for human life was matched only by his increasing paranoia, Stalin increased workloads for all workers However, once Collectivisation got under way, it was found to be a success. For peasants, the Purges were a triumph in some ways, as they were finally being treated fairly and equally. Collectivisation meant peasants were offered safe places to live, and had enough to eat, like all other people. Industrialisation also meant peasants were able to eat, as they were paid in food coupons, instead of real money. Though all Stalin's plans meant hard work for the Peasants, it was an easier way of life, and meant all communities lived and worked the same. Long term success' of the Purges are intertwined with the success of Collectivisation and Industrialisation, as it meant both could be achieved. For Stalin, it was also a huge help, as it meant a large proportion of the opposition were gone. This left the way clear to a supposedly brighter future, and new Russia. In conclusion, the Purges were seen as a failure as not only did the death toll reach around 18 million, just through Stalin's apparent insecurities but Russia was actually left weaker than before, with no army to lead them, and little food. As Stalin's grip on Russia became tighter, terror ruled the people.

Coyote Vally Cisco Objectives Essay

In my view, this is a case of a clash of interests between two parties. One being Cisco and its growing demand for space for its employees given its own position in San Jose i. e that of the regions largest private sector employer. The other party was made by the coalition of the environmentalists, southern communities and affordable housing activists. The employees are the primary stakeholders being directly affected by the development. Of course, in this case, they would benefit from this development which will bring a good work environment and a recreational opportunity which not many other firms facilitate for their employees. Having said that, the formation of a coalition against Cisco’s proposal by the environmentalists, chapters of Sierra club and the Audubon Society goes to prove that Cisco is not being able to keep aboard its non market stakeholders. The concept of â€Å"the purpose of the firm is not simply to make profit but to create value for all its stakeholders† 1 is violated here. The non market stakeholders mentioned above are a part of the society and they feel that running down a greenbelt would be pushing urbanization to its limits and destroying an area of value to them. In spite of the fact that this proposal would bring 20,000 jobs in the coyote valley there was opposition from outside the area. Perhaps, to the stakeholders, the cost of these new jobs is great: a 400-acre campus and adjacent residential area will destroy the remaining agricultural land that once characterized the entire Silicon Valley. Also the monetary sum of $122 million that Cisco is pledging for development of public roads would not suffice. Authorities suggest that in the course of making the â€Å"Cisco’s Coyote Valley† the required infrastructure (freeway interchanges, railroad overpasses, major storm detention systems and sewage lines) costs will be more than that which would/might become a burden on government subsidies. As Cisco might not be able to keep up with the costs of the infrastructure and that cost might fall on the tax payer. In my opinion, had Cisco systems also included a housing plan for the employees with in this project it would be less burdensome on the traffic and might not come across so negatively to the stakeholders? In the proposed idea of Cisco there seems an inefficient use of very large land space, able of being termed a â€Å"Cisco City†. But it lacks a vital aspect of a city – housing for its employees. Especially when constructed by bringing down a plush greenbelt. Coyote Vally Cisco Objectives http://www.landwatch.org/pages/issuesactions/coyote.html

Organized Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organized Crime - Essay Example Despite the fact that there were criminal organizations existing before this prohibition, the country experienced an upward development of strong organizations, which took advantage of the prohibition to make millions of dollars through illegal importation and sale of liquor to the American citizens. For example, a Chicago gang, the Capones, led by a notorious gangster, Al Capone, is said to have been making more than $100 million on annual basis through bootlegging of liquor and other criminal activities such as prostitution (Abadinsky, 2002). After the ban was lifted in 1933, criminal organizations that depended on income from the sale of liquor had to look for other sources of income and this brought about a rise in activities such as drug trafficking, human trafficking, gun trafficking and extortion among others. This paper is a critical evaluation on some of the criminal organizations in the US. Criminal Organizations in the US The US is a country, which is rich in diversity esp ecially due to the presence of high numbers of immigrants from all corners of the world. This diversity has propelled the country’s economic growth but it has also led to the emergence of numerous criminal organizations and street gangs as a result of culture importation coupled with poverty and insecurity in neighborhoods especially those belonging to the minority groups. Some of these organizations have grown in size such that they are not only operating within the US but also across international borders. Mara Salvatrucha, for example, is a transnational organized criminal gang, which is perceived as being one of the most notorious both internationally and within the US. It is estimated that the gang has more than 50000 active members, 10000 of whom are supposedly operating inside the US (Logan, 2009). The formation of this gang was motivated by the need to provide protection for its members but with time, it has deviated from its original goal by engaging in well organize d criminal operations involving drug trafficking, extortion, gun trafficking, murder among others (Logan, 2009). Mara Salvatrucha, commonly abbreviated as MS-13, begun in Los Angeles after immigrants from El Salvador, who were escaping from civil conflicts in their country met hostile communities of Mexican and African American origins, who were not willing to accommodate them in their neighborhoods. The Mexicans and African Americans in Los Angeles had well established street gangs, which kept on attacking and harassing the Salvadorians to the point that it became too much for the immigrants to handle. They were used to armed conflicts due to the civil war in their country and therefore, they had the skills and the motivation to defend them selves from armed attacks (Logan, 2009). The US authorities have had a difficult task of identifying and arresting members of this gang but their actions are highly credited for the ever increasing numbers of Mara Salvatruchans (Monteith, 2010). It is believed that the authorities have made this possible through deportation of gang members, which has made it possible for them to recruit new members from their home countries only to return to the US through illegal means to meet with members of their families and other gang members operating within

Crime Prevention Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crime Prevention Program - Essay Example All the groups used to have a meeting twice in seven days in which active participation of parents was encouraged. The meetings were held at the homes of different participants; every time a new participant’s home was chosen for the meeting purpose. The first meeting of the week had the objective of the activities to be carried out until the next meeting. Every group had four to seven members who remained together for ten to twelve weeks. The experimental group had ten sub-groups and the control group was made according to the sex, age, criminal history before the initial selection, race, parents’ nationality, parents’ work background and the intellectual level of the individuals. The program went on for six months after which the experimental group was evaluated in order to compare the results with the initial evaluation. The evaluation was based on the variables including school performance, work involvement and criminal activities. However, in the final evalua tion of experimental group results did not show up significant difference in the criminal activity whereas the participants of control group had decreased their rates of crimes. ConclusionFor a successful crime prevention program it is necessary to generate significant difference in the delinquency of participants especially the experimental group, however, in the case of S.O.F.T.L.Y. the difference between the initial and final evaluations was not sufficient enough as the participants of the experimental group.

Thinking design from the outside in Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Thinking design from the outside in - Essay Example al attention or techniques that might have added value to the finished result; or perhaps points to the value in terms of discovering or inventing new techniques for further study. Knowledge of the degree of expertise involved in the making of the object also lends a degree of value to the finished product. However, the design must also be understood from within its museum context. This includes consideration of whether the museum is working to highlight a particular characteristic or illustrate a noteworthy period in history or design. To more fully understand what is meant by socio-cultural, economic, technological and museum contexts, this paper will closely examine a decanter created by William Burges in 1865-66 that is currently on display at the Victoria and Albert Museum. In terms of its socio-cultural context, this decanter captures the opulence and elaborate detail of the later Victorian period in which a great deal of the artwork designed represented a return to some of the more ornate Gothic styles of the past. Although speaking of architectural elements, Brett Ketter’s definition of the Victorian Gothic is equally applicable to this piece: â€Å"The characteristic feature of Victorian Gothic is its polychromy, in which materials of different colors and textures are used to create decorative bands †¦ different materials are used as well† (2001). In its use of several varieties of metals and glassware to present differing colors and textures as well as the use of gemstones and other materials to provide decorative elements, this decanter certainly typifies this definition sufficiently to reflect this culture. Further, the illustrative details of the piece, including the Greek and Roman coins and Roman font-style used in the engr aving throughout the piece denote the deep connection to England’s past. â€Å"Burges looked to the arts of China, Assyria, ancient Greece and Rome, and medieval Europe as inspiration for the design† (Eatwell, 1997, p.

The Unilever Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Unilever Company - Research Paper Example The business model is a very important factor to be considered in any business, and it should be incorporated in the strategic plan of the organization. The business model gives the organization a plan on how it will perform its duties giving the routes to follow through the organizational infrastructure and policies. This gives the idea on how the organization offers services to customers and also the way the customers reward the services offered to them by the organization. It also gives managers foresight about the future of the company hence growth and development are prevalent in the organization. The model gives the general public the knowledge on how the business operates and in the other hand can be used in accounting to give a rim light on the organizational proceedings to the general public. This enhances confidentiality in the organization management by the adjacent customers and hence motivating them and drawing more new customers into the organization. The Unilever Compa ny The Unilever Company is a company that deals with processing goods that are internationally and multi nationally recognized. It was founded through company mergers that lead to a globally recognized company that produces foods, refreshers such as beverages, cleaning agents that are fast washing solutions and other products that are personal care such as lotions and perfumes. It is a company that its goods have been received positively by nations due to their quality. Due to the good business model employed by Unilever Company the revenue allocation for the company is very high in the world's market. Operations and Products The operations of Unilever Company are very admirable because the strategic plan of the company provides measures that boost its performances leading to improved services. This has been enhanced through the world wide branches that have enhanced wider regional support that has helped in the growth of the company. The marketing management of the company has give n a major setback on the Socio – economic profile so as to enroll and attract more customers towards the company. The social economic sector will apply to the website creation so that more customers can access the goods offered by the company online hence improving customer management communication. This will help the management in identifying areas of weakness hence improving on them leading to better and quality services (Tuccillo, 2011). Unilever Company is a company that is branched systematically so that it can reach more customers in each and every country in the world. For that matter, it has national managers who are in charge of a country under the regional management (Armstrong, 2012). These work hand in hand to ensure that the company plans are executed in every country where they are but with respect the rule of law of the country. The business models that are employed by the Unilever Company have favored it through the competitive business market that is overwhel mingly growing competitive. This has led to major support leading to it becoming a multinational company. The other major boost of Unilever Company is the diverse models of goods that they offer (Tuccillo, 2011). They have featured every customer in their target leading to a larger market shares allover the world. The websites and the advertising campaigns that have been carried out through out the world by the company have resulted to better product marketing. Through advertising, more customers get the product's knowledge offered by the organization leading to converting them to be the future customers of the products. All this success has been made possible due to the good financial model that has been developed by the company’

Writing activities Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Writing activities - Article Example I agree with Pinker that the current political systems, technologies, and cultural changes have made the modern world less violent, and that these changes can be improved to reduce violence further; however, we cannot be complacent and we should continue resolving existing violence across the globe that persist because of greed for power and wealth and diverse prejudices and discriminations against different sectors/groups of society. I agree with Pinker that we live in a less violent time than in the past because the government is an effective form of authority in managing social and economic affairs. First, Pinker is right that having a centralized government enabled people to be more at peace with one another because an institution is managing diverse aspects of social affairs. He calls this centralization as the â€Å"consolidation of a patchwork of feudal territories into large kingdoms with centralized authority and an infrastructure of commerce† (190-191). If people feel safe to move around and to focus on developing their livelihoods, they are less likely to feel threatened and more likely to have social and economic stability. Second, the government organizes and facilitates trade and commerce, which is important to peace. The government creates laws and guidelines for businesses to promote economic progress and to protect economic interests. If anyone violates these laws and guidelines, the gover nment is the one who will punish the former. People do not need to do anything violent to protect their sources of income. Having a centralized government is essential to managing social and economic affairs for the interests of the collective. Apart from leading and supervising social and economic activities that promote peace, the government is a more reliable bringer of justice than when people used to do it on their own or through using militias. Definitely, the government is not perfect on this regard and many criminals go

As instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

As instruction - Essay Example Moreover, we will examine how previous knowledge affects how we perceive what we see through examples demonstrated by authors. It might occur to many people that the words seeing and looking can be regarded as synonyms. Identifying the difference between these two terms will help one understand perception and reality. These two words can appear as interchangeable terms that can be used to define a person’s ability to perceive with the eye. In the case of art, the words seeing and looking are different. When people are looking at something then, it can be viewed as noticing few details or glancing at it. In other words, to look at something is examining the outer part (surface) in terms of structure and layout. According to Berger, seeing the work of art is not only a means to understand it but also observe it to go far from the surface. â€Å"When we see a landscape, we situate ourselves in it. If we saw it the art in the past, we situate ourselves in history.† (p. 11). Berger suggests that seeing an object places one in that scenario to relate. The title of the book Ways of Seeing denotes tha t the author has effectively the art of seeing, not only the perception on certain subjects which is seen in the world of art, but also goes to a prodigious extent to define the importance of seeing and transformation of seeing throughout the years. The author also delivers another example in which seeing can occur before words. It is seeing that helps to understand the place of an individual in the world. People explain the world with the help of words. Moreover, words by no means can deny the fact that people are encircled by words. Seeing comes before we speak. To speak, we need to understand what we are seeing. The sight of an object is brought through our experience and knowledge. Berger discusses the perception of seeing art, which is different than it was the past. Traditionally, paintings are viewed as static and stationary. They are only at one time

Business Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Business Decision Making - Essay Example The move can result in either being positive or negative depending on the approach used in the new market segments. There are 3 groups that are likely to benefit from this study. The first lot consists of the company employees who may gain skills in pitching new customers in the new market niche. Identifying customer trend may help them to take the necessary actions to coup with challenges that may arise in the event of initiating business activities in the new markets. Through sharing this knowledge, the employees can act as machines to aid management in implementing appropriate marketing strategies. The second group is the employers who automatically gain insight as to how new market can actually be managed having consumer preference data. Finally, business analysts can use these findings as valuable guide whenever advising Appalachian PLC. Through analysts, the firm can be in a position to determine whether they will have a significant profit income or not. The study was limited to the real income and age of clients in China from a merchandise firm in the UK; the interest was on the type of prices that can be charged and the levels of income in China. For the purpose of this study, what constitute pricing is determined by the employer. This study was restricted to customers based in China. This sample included a range of customers evenly distributed within China Republic. Barden, a freelance writer specializing in new business ventures and a former managing editor of Commerce and Accounting, stated the importance of through market research and gave specific examples of new markets that have successfully been reached. The Company that was used in undertaking the research activity currently makes huge profits for every furniture sale by offering services such as customized furniture according to customer need, amount of cash, and customer locality.

Erickson's Timeline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Erickson's Timeline - Essay Example isolation† in comparison to my mother’s â€Å"generativity vs. stagnation† stage. To start with, there are eight stages of life from infancy to late adulthood in Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, where, on each stage is a basic personality conflict faced by an individual. Among these stages, I am 24 years old and belongs to the early adulthood stage (19 to 40 years old) confronted with the opposing conflict between â€Å"intimacy vs. isolation†. Capps (2008, p. 105) emphasized that â€Å"intimacy† in Erikson’s theory connotes that which is private, personal, and close, while â€Å"isolation† connotes separateness experienced in relationships that are personal and close, and not being alone or separate from public. Capps (2008, p. 105) also noted Erikson’s emphasis on having a reasonable sense of identity in order to establish real intimacy with another person; a youth who is not sure of his or her identity tends t o be shy in interpersonal intimacy, whereas, one who is sure of himself seeks it in the form of friendship, combat, leadership, love, and inspiration. In relation to how I interpret â€Å"intimacy vs.

Blackberry Picking Essay Example for Free

Blackberry Picking Essay Task: Choose a poem that deals with an aspect of ordinary living. Analyse the poem showing how it . Pleasures are like poppies spread You seize the flower, its bloom is shed Bums Seamus Heaneys sensual and disturbing poem Blackberry -Picking explores aspects of ordinary living and enables us to see clearly the truth about a core element of human nature. This engaging piece of verse, written early in the Nobel laureates career, exposes humans perpetual desire for pleasure and the seemingly inescapable negative consequences attached to this pursuit. The poem is produced in a style readers familiar with Heaney will recognise: the deeper meaning is heavily cloaked in metaphor, and is therefore made clearer and more emphatic once understood. Upon reflection of these underlying themes about ordinary life, the reader experiences the clarity of vision usually associated with seeing something for the first time; this is a quality Heaney has claimed is essential to poetry. The poem is, on the surface, about a boys experiences at berry-picking time in the countryside. The anticipation and participation in this apparently very pleasant practice is conveyed for most of the first stanza of this two stanza piece. The poet describes an insatiable appetite (that verges upon greed) for indulging in the activity. In the latter part of this first stanza, however, a far less hedonistic mood can be detected by a very noticeable change in lexical choice and imagery; indeed, guilt and perhaps even remorse are evident here. In the second stanza the picked fruit becomes grotesque as it decays and the inevitable destructive forces of time take effect: Primarily, it is necessary to detail the larger metaphor which is relevant from the very beginning of the poem the title: Blackberry-Picking. The concept of picking fruit has irreducible associations with the Biblical story of Genesis an explanation of creation and mankinds fall from a state of innocence to one of sin a nd guilt. In this book Adam and Eve are templed by Satan to pick the forbidden fruit, resulting in their expulsion from Paradise. From this we can infer that the berries of Heaneys poem symbolise temptation, and that this temptation will lead to a loss of innocence and the incursion of guilt and sin into the world of the poem. In addition to this, the idea that the propensity for giving in to temptation is central to human nature, as it is of such ancient  origin, is strongly suggested. †¢ The time of year when these symbolic berries are picked, Late August, is given in the first line, and the sultry, humid, sensual atmosphere of this time of year is evoked by the following zeugma: given heavy rain and sun. This sensual atmosphere is developed in the first nine lines of the poem, and it clearly contains allusions to sex in lines 5-7: You ate that first one, and its flesh was sweet Like thickened wine: summers blood was in it Leaving stains upon the tongue and lust for Picking. Here the idea of the irresistible allure of the berries is emphasised, and the allusions to sexual pleasure through the lexical choice of that first one, its flesh was sweet, Leaving stains upon the tongue, and the direct reference to lust, heighten the mood of sensual temptation. This is reinforced and strengthened by the suggestion of intoxication in line 6 when the flesh of the berries is described in a simile as being Like thickened wine. Summer is subsequently personified and this reference to Summers blood thickens the languid, warm, impassioned atmosphere. In this section of the poem, then, very ordinary aspects of life sensuousness, sexuality, desire, temptation are conveyed cleverly and clearly through the metaphor of blackberry picking. This metaphor enables us to see these things as extraordinary driving forces behind our actions, and this is a disturbing realisation. The boy experiencing this burgeoning, bountiful time of the rural calendar cannot, as has been shown ab ove, get enough of the fruit he picks. He and others set out between lines 9-12 to gather as many berries as they can. After they have indulged in this harvest, however, a contrasting mood is introduced: .. on top big dark blobs burned Like a plate of eyes. Our hands were peppered With thorn pricks, our palms sticky as Bluebeards. Here the poetry is loaded with imagery and cultural associations. Initially the monosyllabic alliteration of the plosive b in big dark blobs burned strikes the reader as ponderous and menacing. This reaction is reinforced by the connotations of pain in the verb burned. The effect of this is aided by the gruesome and macabre simile that follows. The berries are described as being Like a plate of eyes. The very different mood engendered by this imagery is developed by the subsequent allusion to the crucifixion of Christ in hands in thorn pricks and the simile incorporating the legendary  character Bluebeard (a pirate who murdered many wives). This section of the poem, then, gives three consecutive images that evoke . connotations of guilt: the mutilation of the berries nat ural environment, the indirect reference to Christ (crucified by mankind), and the comparison between the berry pickers hands and the bloody hands of a serial murderer. In stanza two the mood of the poem deteriorates further as the harvested berries decay. In the first line the word hoarded, used to describe the volume of berries stored, reminds us of the insatiable appetite and self-indulgence depicted in the first stanza. The berries are now rotting, however, and this is conveyed effectively through word choice. They are described with the verbs stinking and fermented. Furthermore, a disease is spreading through the hoard. This is described as A ratgrey fungus, glutting on our cache. The connotations of disgust, revulsion and disappointment evident here are developed in lines 20-21: Once off the bush/I the sweet flesh would turn sour. What we can also perceive here is the notion of the inevitable and regularly experienced fate of all pleasure it cannot last and becomes satiety and guilt. The anguish at the fate of the berries, and therefore the fate of all indulgence is emphasised by the tone of the third last line: I always felt like crying. It wasnt fair. The boy of the poem is clearly still becoming accustomed to the irresistible forces of time. In the last line, however, we learn that the boy experiences this annually: That all the lovely canfuls smelt of rot Each year I hoped theyd keep, knew they would not Perpetual hope and the following inevitable disappointment is emphasised here, and the reader can directly engage with this as we all experience such sequences in ordinary life. By the process of reflecting upon, and understanding, the blackberry picking metaphor, the reader sees the driving forces behind human behaviour afresh, and they become extraordinary and disturbing. Blackberry-Picking is a sensual and evocative poem which entices the reader with rich and opulent images. In stanza one we are drawn into the pleasure of the activities depicted by the poet. The ideas of guilt, disgust, and disappointment are then introduced as the greed of the pickers and the decay of the berries are illustrated. The extension of this cycle to others areas of life is performed by the use of sexual and cultural  allusions, symbolism and metaphor. Through these techniques we are given a startlingly clear picture of a common and ordinary reality we may never before have considered: that our lives are driven by perpetually disappointed hope and desire and that pleasure cannot last. The disturbing nature of this realisation is compounded by the religious symbolism of the berries this state of affairs may have been with us from the very beginning, and there is no reason why it should not be with us to the end.

Crime And Punishment In The Renaissance

Crime And Punishment In The Renaissance The Renaissance, a time of cultural changes and evolution spanning nearly four decades, lead to reformation and expansion within the churches and England. With the era being reformed came new rules, regulations, and laws, and with these came new leaders. There were new ideas relating to humanism and individualism, which developed in front of a Catholic background. Art was influenced heavily and dedicated to the church, and peoples thoughts and relationship as to Man and God increased enormously. However, the era of the Renaissance was a time of both ethical and moral corruption within the Catholic churches; this evilness heavily influenced the crimes committed and the punishments placed upon the people. In the 1500s, hypocrisy and corruption in the Catholic Church was uncontrollable. As defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word corruption means guilty of dishonest practices, as bribery; lacking integrity; wicked, and evil. The people involved in the Catholic Church were supposed to set an example for the rest of Europe; they did not. Many claimed that the monks had between eight and ten girlfriends or wives apiece (Trueman). Many monks involved in the Roman Catholic Church were very lazy. They did not help the community, instead, they made more problems for the church and all the people in it. All the monks seemed to do was take money from the poor rather than give it to the ones in need. This caused the poor to do things that they would later regret. With this going on in the churches, the people turned to individualism and humanism. Individualism and humanism were coming to the fore as citizens started looking towards themselves for answers, rather than to God or any Religio us institutions (Berard). Individualism, the belief that ones goals and desires bring self-reliance and independence, steered the people in the wrong direction religiously. In addition, humanism focused solely on humans being the primary source of importance, neglecting God, the Church, and everything in between. Church became less and less important to the people of England, as they simply stopped attending. It did not help when the King Henry VIII officially declared that he would no longer be associating himself with the Roman Catholic Church. The era of the Renaissance was a time of expansion and exploration, as well as a period of battles between King Henry VIII and the Roman Catholic Church. The English reformation began with the reign of King Henry VIII, as he sought for a divorce with his first wife Catherine of Aragon. King Henry VIII had already known whom he wanted as his second wife, Anne Boleyn (Trueman). King Henry VIII requested for a divorce in the Roman Catholic Church and was denied by the Pope. This request caused uproar in the community. The faith of the Roman Catholic Church is that it believes in marriage for life and does not support divorce (Trueman). Divorce was something that went against the Catholic Church and the Pope could possibly excommunicate him. If Henry VIII was excommunicated, it meant that after death, his soul had no chance of making it to heaven and being successful in the afterlife. The church used this threat to keep the people in the Catholic Church under control, leading the church to gain power. This request that was denied lead King Henry VIII to break away from the Roman Catholic Church and place himself as the head of the Protestant Church. With King Henry VIII leaving the Roman Catholic Church, he was left with the job of creating different laws, Reformation in Parliament. Though it did not settle the matter all at once, it steadily granted powers over the church clergy to the king (Hooker). He also passed a law called Submission of the Clergy. Under this law, the clergy was placed under King Henrys VIII control. King Henry ordered Bibles to be published in English because many people could not read and understand Latin and took much money and land from the church. Despite all of this non-sense, the English church and the religion they practiced stayed the same. A person attending King Henrys Protestant church would obtain nothing different than those in the Roman Catholic Church. The adoption of Protestantism was a political move rather than a religious move on King Henry VIII behalf. This tore apart European society and separated it even more; the poor people stayed with the poor and the rich and wealthy stayed with the rich and wealthy. Many people were proven guilty with unfair trials caused by the churches and the power they obtained. The power and wealth in the Catholic Church was extremely high and the population in England was very angry at what the church was doing. The Roman Catholic Church used their people as a source of money rather than people ready to praise God. In order to get baptized, people had to pay. People even had to pay if they were going to bury a lost loved one. Many of these duties people had to pay for were duties that had to be done in order to reach Heaven (Trueman). With this being said, the Catholic Church was very wealthy, causing many problems with the poor. While the Catholic Church was getting rich, the poor people were staying poor. The poor peoples money was just being sent to the church through donations rather than being used to put food on the table. With the poor people not having enough money to support their family, they were forced to partake in various crimes. Begging was a serious crime during the Renaissance and with the poor people not obtaining the amount of food needed, they were beaten as a harsh punishment (Elizabethan Crime and Punishment). Stealing was a very serious crime as well: this usually resulted in hanging or the death sentence. For example, if someone tried stealing a birds egg to feed the innocent, starving children were impacted by a loved one dying (Elizabethan Crime and Punishment). Money was also needed to travel and in order to travel you needed to have a license. Any person that would have liked to travel during this time had to get a license from the bailiff. It was a serious crime to leave home without it (Elizabethan Crime and Punishment). The poor people in England were never really able to see their family and friends out of the state or country because he or she did not have enough money to pay for food and a traveling license; let alone the transportation needed. The people that were charged with different crimes were never faced with true and honest trials; they were all unfair. All the trials that went on during this time were all in favor of the prosecutors (Elizabethan Crime and Punishment). This was a ve ry violent and unfair time in history where all the harsh punishments and executions were a normal day-to-day activity. These executions and harsh punishments were witnessed by thousands of people. The lower class and the poor treated these events as their day outs (Elizabethan Crime and Punishment). These harsh treatments were new meditations and were instruments for social and political control in absolutist regimes hands (Merback, 1999). The church enjoyed obtaining all of this power among the people and having it in their hands. The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned nearly 300 years, originating during the late Middle Ages and spreading to Europe, specifically England, towards the end. With this three century long era came both ups and downs, including the beginning of new art and architecture, as well as ethical and moral corruption surrounding the Catholic Churches. With this ethical and moral corruption came crime and poverty, leading to harsh and severe punishment for crimes committed. Whether it was unfair trials or hypocrisy, the corruption of the time and church steered the region into the future and eventually led England to new beginnings and the end of the Renaissance. Jena Boudreau Ms. Jakubus Brit. Lit (1) 19 April 2010 Works Consulted Crime and Punishment in Elizabethan England, http://EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesshistory.com (2001). Henry, VIII. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2010. Hinds, K. Life in Elizabethan England and The Church. Benchmark: Marshall Cavendish Coorp., 2008. Print. History of Catholic Church Renaissance and Reformation. Essortment Articles: Free Online Articles on Health, Science, Education More.. Web. 18 Apr. 2010. . Merback, M. The Theif, The Cross, and The Wheel. Pain and the spectacle of punishment in Medieval and Renaissance Europe. London: Reaktion Books, 1999. Print. Reformation: Protestant England. Washington State University Pullman, Washington. Web. 18 Apr. 2010. . Trueman, C. Medieval Law and Order. 2000 n.page.web. 25 Mar 2010. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval_law_and_order.htm

Basics Of Embedded Systems

Basics Of Embedded Systems The term embedded systems is quite a complex one. Simply put, it is a combination of hardware and software that performs the component of a larger system. A few years ago embedded technology existed in stand alone devices such as vending machines and copiers that did their jobs with little regards for what went on around them. But as technology advance to connect devices to the internet and to each other, the potential of embedded technology has increased. Home appliances, mobile phones, cars, tiny micro chips, avionics etc.., are all using embedded technology. High-profile embedded chips are scaleable, generate small amounts of heat, and consume less power. These are generally preferred for their speed, accuracy and reliability. As they are compact in size and ability to perform time-critical and task specific operators, embedded devices find application in all segments of industrial and commercial market places and home appliances. In recent years,it became apparent that control systems as integral components of larger systems, should be developed and designed concurrently with mechanics, hydraulics, and electronics. It is important that engineers have a good understanding of the implications of software technology embedded into traditional engineering systems. Current machines consist of physical components providing the means and a control system employing those means to fulfill the machines function. Together, they build up the controlled machine, which can also be called an embedded system. . New innovative applications in different areas will make embedded systems as one of the fastest developing technology of the near future. This paper deals with concepts and developments of embedded systems in control of machines and gives a general overview of the basic components of control systems, ranging from sensors to actuators. Embedded Systems An embedded system employs a combination of hardware software (a computational engine) to perform a specific function; is part of a larger system that may not be a computer; works in a reactive and time-constrained environment. Software is used for providing features and flexibility Hardware = {Processors, ASICs, Memory} is used for performance ( sometimes security) The term embedded system can be used for a wide range of applications and devices. A useful definition is not easy to formulate. Boasson mentioned one characteristic that applies to all embedded systems: Neither the computer system without the special environment in which it is embedded, nor the environment without the computer system has any significance in itself. An embedded system employs a combination of hardware software (a computational engine) to perform a specific function; is part of a larger system that may not be a computer; works in a reactive and time-constrained environment. Basics of Embedded systems An embedded systems typically comprises the hardware, embedded RTOS, device drivers, communication stacks and embedded application software. Embedded hardware: The embedded hardware mainly consists of a microcontroller with various peripheral ICs. A fixed size volatile memory such as DRAM or SRAM and non volatile memory such as Flash or EPROM, connected to the microcontroller, are an integral part of the device. Depending on the targeted application of the device, the peripheral can include communication device such as serial controller, Ethernet controller, or a wireless communication controller and other application-specific ICs (ASICs). Many handheld devices these days also have sensors, actuators, keypads and graphical LCD screens as user interfaces. The only way a embedded machine control system can get information about its surroundings, is through the use of sensors and/or sensor systems. Control signals from the embedded control are converted into power and/or movement through Actuators. Sensors: During the past years a shift has taken place from mechanization towards automation. This implies the extensive use of sensors (and actuators) in order to be able to actually control (and influence) the actions that are performed by the controlled system.In principle the task of a sensor is fairly simple. It transforms an input signal that usually is difficult to handle in its original form to a more manageable form. Between input and output of the sensor a number of processes take place to obtain the desired result, as schematically shown in Figure. Actuators: Actuators come in many forms and shapes. They act as the arms and legs of the machine. Actuators convert control signals into power and/or movement,as schematically shown in Figure below. Control signals do not have to be of electrical nature, also other kinds are possible. The power conversion can be done in a number of ways. The most common energy sources for actuators are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Compressed air, pneumatics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pressured oil, hydraulics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Electricity, electro mechanics Embedded RTOS: The concept of real-time operating system (RTOS) is inseparable when we talk about embedded systems. All intelligent devices that perform complex functions have an embedded operating system inside. A real-time operating system (RTOS) is built for specific applications and guarantees response to an external event with in a specified time constraint. This operating system is typically real time in nature, i.e. it is capable of responding deterministically to time-critical external events. For example, when you suddenly apply brakes for your car to avoid an accident, the intelligent gad-get responds immediately. Imagine the plight of a driver if there is no responseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the result is obvious. Device drivers: The lowest-level software that acts as glue between the operating system and the peripheral devices is called the device driver. The device driver software controls every peripheral device that is connected to the micro controller. Communication stacks: If the embedded device is capable of communicating to the external world, it has a communication software stack running on the top of the operating system. In order to connect to the Internet, the embedded device needs a TCP/IP stack. Characteristics of Embedded systems are: Small, low power, high performance Compact efficient use of PCB / IC real-estate Maximum output for minimum size High MIPS to power ratio High bus bandwidth Low interface bottlenecks Advantages: Customization yields lower area, power, cost Disadvantages: Higher HW/software development overhead. Design, compilers, debuggers May result in delayed time to market! Control Systems Control system is the section where the system senses the input by sensors and compares with the internal reference of the system and gives the output obtained through the actuators as shown in figure below. Control systems implementations: Looking at the history of controllers, we can distinguish six types of control systems: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Black box or embedded control à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Relay-based logic control à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Single-board control (SBC) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Programmable control (PLC) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Computer numerical control (CNC) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Distributed control systems (DCS) Black box or embedded control: Embedded control is all around us. More and more household appliances are being designed with some form of embedded control in it. Washing machines, microwave ovens, car radios, cellular phones, VCRs, and digital photo cameras are just a few examples of ordinary devices with embedded control in it. Embedded control is used in product itself, not in the production system with which the products are manufactured. The use of embedded control software enables product designers to design smarter products with a large portion of its functionality embedded in the software of the product. This results in increased product flexibility and the possibility to change or add new functionality without having to redesign the physical product. So, in a way the software has become the product. Relay-based logic control: Before electronic control was developed, relays (as well as pneumatic and hydraulic components) were widely used as control elements. They serve as switching, timing and multiplying mechanisms for input devices such as switches, push buttons, photo-electric sensors, etc. Since the control is hard-wired, flexibility is low and troubleshooting difficult. Today, they are less used in the actual control functions but many control applications use relays in conjunction with the more sophisticated forms of control for isolation and other specialized electromechanical functions. Single-board Control (SBC): Electronic controllers on circuit boards first appeared in the 1960s. The early ones consisted of logic modules with lots of discrete components like transistors, capacitors, resistors, etc. on them with which the desired control functions were implemented. Later on, integrated circuits (LSI, VLSI) are applied. Since no moving parts are used they are inherently more reliable than relay-based control systems. Because they are custom-made, maintenance and repair can be a problem. Many original equipment manufacturers still choose to design their own single-board controllers for their own unique machine applications. Programmable logic controller (PLC): The need for more flexibility in control systems has led to the development of the programmable logic controller, the PLC. In the early seventies, the automotive industry was growing rapidly. In order to be able to react more quickly to a changing demand in the marketplace, one had to have a more flexible, easily adaptable and expandable control system; therefore it had to be a programmable control system. The early PLCs were programmed in so-called relay ladder. Today, high level programming languages like Pascal, C/C++ and even Java are being used to program PLC(-like) systems. Computer Numerical Control (CNC): Essentially, numerical control is nothing more than sending a sequence of commands to a machine, that in turn interprets them and performs the desired movement and machining actions. Before the introduction of NC these commands were issued manually by pressing buttons and switches, turning handwheels, etc. The path information is presented in numeric coordinate values (X, Y, Z), hence the name numerical control. Distributed Control System (DCS): Relay-based control, SBC and PLC are widely used in the discrete production area. The process industry is the domain of distributed control systems, where the number of analog I/O points exceeds the number of discrete I/O points. DCSs are used where the controlled process is continuous, has a high analog content and throughput, is distributed across a large geographical area and where down time is very expensive. Embedded Systems in Control of Machines In early days, the major part of the control was built into the physical machine, using mechanical parts. Although hardware-based control is still widely applied, major developments take place in the field of software-based control. An increasing part of the design process deals with the software of the control system. The development of the microprocessor and subsequent gain in flexibility has contributed a great deal to this Controlled machine Current machines consist of a physical machine providing the means, and a machine control system employing those means to fulfill the machines function. Together, they build up the controlled machine, also called an embedded system. The term embedded system is used for a wide range of applications or devices. The physical machine can be considered to consist of three subsystems: the main structure, actuators and sensors. The main structure physically connects the parts of the two remaining sub systems. The machine control system sends information to the actuators and receives information from the sensors via the I/O-interface. The machine control system can be divided into five functional subsystems: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Regulative control, also referred to as direct control or feedback à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Error-handling control, also referred to as fault detection and isolation (FDI) or exception à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Supervisory control also referred to as logic control. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The data processing subsystem stores and manipulates gathered data. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The user interface subsystem allows the user to interact with the machine-control system. The machine control system can also be regarded as a layered control system, as shown in Figure. The bottom layer interacts directly with the actuators and sensors, that is, the physical machine. Some components are controlled directly (for instance, pneumatic components).Some components are controlled by regulative control (for instance, motorized manipulators) or by both regulative and error-handling control subsystem (for instance, robot arms). Some components are controlled by an error-handling subsystem only (for instance, warning lamps or safety locks). The intermediate layer is involved in scheduling, coordinating control of individual machine components, gathering and processing data, monitoring and compensating possible machine failures, and providing the top layer with the required information on the machine status. The top layer allows the user to interact with and to monitor the machine. Machine control is closely related to manufacturing control. The goal of machine control is to perform certain manufacturing functions in a controlled manner. Machine control enables us to influence production means in such a way that the manufacturing process produces the desired products of the correct quality at the planned time in the required quantity. Over the years, a lot of developments have taken place in production methods, machine design and machine control design. Not surprisingly, they all influence each other. In the route from manual work to automation we can distinguish five phases of mechanization or automation. The meaning of the term phase of mechanization is the extent to which a machine or production system can function independently, without human intervention. Manual labour with tools Specific machines Universal machines Multiple link specific machines Multiple specific Intelligent control In universal machines, control is embedded in the machine itself, through the use of mechanical parts like eccentrics, cams, camshafts, springs, gearboxes, drive axis, etc. The result depends less on the quality of the worker and more on the quality of the machine. To avoid unnecessary delays, attention has to be paid to operating procedures, work preparation, material handling and tool preparation. An example of an embedded control system: Dryer Different sub systems in the dryer are Main structure: The motor Sensors : Temperature sensor, humidity sensor Actuators : Motor driver control, fan control Machine control system : SAB-C504 Examples: Consumer electronics: e.g., cameras, camcorders . Consumer products: e.g., washers, microwave ovens Automobiles (anti-lock braking, engine control ) Industrial process controllers avionics/defense applications Computer/Communication products: e.g., printers, FAX machines Emerging multimedia applications consumer electronics: e.g., cellular phones, personal digital assistants, videoconferencing servers, interactive game boxes, TV set-top boxes Multimedia: Increasing computational demands, and increased reliance on VLSI, HW/SW integration. Embedded software can support such applications as the Internet, e-mail and MP3 decoders etc. They also support sophisticated graphical user interface screens. The automatic DAM DOOR opening systems is a system where the DAM DOORS is controlled on the speed of the raising water. A situation araises where the raising water in the river may be very fast as the rainfall increases. If the river is blocked by a DAM then the speed of the raising water will obviously rise very soon. To prevent this raising and to prevent flooding of the river bank the DAM DOORS has to be opened but with a controlled speed because there is no point on opening the DOOR slowly if the water is raising at a quicker pace. It is a circuit to measure the flow rate of water .Using this device one can determine the total volume of water raised in the river. The instrument is a microcontroller based system. It can have a optional of manual operation. In manual method of measuring the flow rate of water, we need to observe the rise of water in river .As soon as water reaches a fixed point in the river , we press start button on the stopwatch .After the water reaches another fixed point, we need to press stop button on the stopwatch. The observed time and level are used to calculate the flow rate of the water. Flow rate = volume/time But in this procedure there are chances of errors . The device eliminates the errors and has the following features. Automatically senses the level and generates triggering pulses for counting of the elapsed time there by providing basis for calculation of the flow rate of waters. Includes the circuit for digital display of the elapsed time using MICROCONTROLLER as well as a 7-segment display. DESCRIPTION : The circuit can be divided into four blocks ,namely ,sensor ,logic controller ,pulse generator ,switching module. The sensor section for conducting waters: Sensor 1 is permanently connected to circuit ground, while sensors 2 and 3 should/might be connected to positive supply via some pull up resistors. When the water level touches sensor 2 and/or sensor 3, 2 and/or 3 are pulled low towards ground potential. As a MODEL PROJECT we can use small spherical stainless steel probes as sensors and screw the wires coming from the circuit to them . To avoid oxidation and sulphation of the naked portion, we can cover the joints using araldite or any other suitable epoxy compound .For longlife and protection against weather, we can use Teflon-insulated multistrand wires . For proper support wires along with the probes , a PVC support rod may be used for tying the wires to PVC rod to keep them in their proper position. The logical control section: This section might comprises a quad two-input NOR gates. When the water level is so slow that both sensors 2 and 3 are out of the water , the voltage at input of NOR gates may become logic 1 ,while their other input terminals may be logic 0. So the output pins of NOR gates are at logic 0. The output of those/that NOR gates connected to sensor 2 and 3 and the output of those/that NOR gates from sensor 1 are terminated at another NOR gate where in we get logic 0. The logic controling cuircuit is proposed to be designed to give an apropriate logical output acording to the the sensor inputs. The output This final output of the logic control unit is proposed to keep the pulse generator formed by timer IC. It is decided that the timer IC will be 555. When the water level rises to touch sensor 2 the output of the NOR gates combination should be logic 1,which initiates the operation of the pulse generator. When the water level further rises to touch sensor 3, the output of NOR gate will be logic 0, which should be in a position to terminate the operation of the pulse generator. In this way, the pulse generator can be automatically controlled as per other requirement. Pulse generator: Timer IC 555 will be used in out project to generate pulses with pulse recurrence frequency of 1 Hz. The frequency /period of the astable should depend on combination of resistences , capasitences and variable resistences also. The switching section: The switching module is used to make and break switch contacts at 1 Hz rate, using the output of the timer IC555 . This function analogous to pressing/releasing of a push-to -on switch once a second . An optocoupler is proposed to be used for making/breaking contact between to points. Whenever the output of timer IC555 goes high, the optocoupler conducts . this optocoupler is connected to the microcontroller KIT. The road ahead Telematics: The impact of telematics would be really innovative. With access to e-mail the internet, and telephone services, car occupants could shop and bank online, receive traffic and navigation information, and avail of remote diagnostics facilities Automotive electronics: Remember the talking car in the serial knight rider, a fully computerized car capable of doing almost everything a car lover would want to. Seems like a fantasy but the day is not far when almost all automobiles would interact with computers on dash- boards. From ordering a pizza to booking tickets at the nearest theaters, things would be as easy as giving orders to your servant. Whole of which would be possible with embedded systems. Mistral software is in the process of developing text to speech and speech reorganization technologies to give the car occupants the ultimate comfort. Whenever theres a call on your mobile, you need not get jumpy at the very onset of the call. The computer in the cars dashboard would do the job for you. GPS navigation guides you safely through the traffic. The GPS interface in the car pinpoints your exact location on a map. In case GPS signal cant be received due to high density of tall buildings or other magnetic interface, the dead reckoning technique, which works for short durations, guides you effectively. The system is also loaded with GSM/CDMA protocol standards. Biomedical solutions: The biomedical chord developed by mistral is a centrelised patient monitering system that allows remote monitering of up to 32 patients at a given time through a central computer. It can process of maximum of 32 channels usin the state-of-the-art DSP in a PC environment. Economy: The world of embedded systems is a dreamers paradise with unlimited possibilities. According to the global market size for embedded software development alone was $7 billion in 2001, which is expected to reach $20 billion in 2003 and $31 billion by 2005.For India are $400 million. $750 million and $1.1 billion respectively. In India RD in embedded system was worth $1.1 billion in 2001, which would grow to $8 billion by 2008. CONCLUSION: Further more, embedded systems are rapidly becoming a catalyst for change in the computing, data communications, telecommunications, industrial control and entertainment sectors. Automatic systems in any field will be useful and will save the people and organizations. New innovative applications in these as well as other areas will make embedded systems as one of the fastest developing technology of the near future.Thus the embedded system plays an important role in our day today life.

Understanding Non-Verbal Communication :: Papers Body Language Tone Voice Verbal

In its most basic form, communicating involves a sender who takes his or her thoughts and encodes them into verbal and non-verbal messages that are sent to a receiver. The receiver than decodes the messages and attempts to understand what the sender meant to communication. The communication is completed when the receiver transmits verbal and nonverbal feed back to indicate his or her reception and understanding of the message. This process takes place within a context; also know as rhetorical situation, which includes all that affects the communication process such as the sender-receiver’s culture, the sender-receiver‘s relationship, the circumstances surrounding the sender-receiver’s interaction, and the physical environment of the interaction. Because the basic communication process is the same in every situation, there are some similarities across all types of interactions. Just the same, each interaction remains distinct and therefore each rhetorical situation will be different. For example, think about how you communicate with another person in the library and at a party. In both cases, you are sending messages and reacting to feedback. But the rhetorical situation of the library means that you will be speaking in whispers, whereas at the party you will be speaking much louder and with more animated gestures. If you were to switch style, whispering at the party and yelling at the library, then, your communication style will be ineffective to day the least. In both situations, you are engaging in the same communication process, but the rhetorical situation requires you to act different ways. Verbal communication is simply using spoken language to convey a message to other people. However, nonverbal communication is far more complicated, it contains the use of object, body language, actions and symbols to show meaning to people. In fact, it’s not easy to define non-verbal communication, because â€Å"experts disagree about whether count unintended action as nonverbal communication.† (http://maine.maine.edu/~zubrick/tren5.html, 28/4/2005) Non-verbal communication is deceptively important in how we express ourselves , and it plays a huge part in child’s development into

Move Aside Fat and Say Hello to Healthy Solutions Essay -- Health, Nut

A student’s stomach growls, and what is to come for lunch is immediately thought of. Will it be the overcooked, dried out pizza pockets, or the cracked, gooey bean burritos? When the student thinks about their empty stomach, filling it with precooked food simply warmed up is anything but satisfying. So, what can be done to fill the empty stomach? The unthinkable: eating a school lunch. Simply entering the school cafeteria is daring enough, but now having to eat the food? How outrageous this seems. The student has given the secretary their lunch number and next has picked out a clean tray. Along with this, a choice of milk of has been selected and then the mound of slump has been placed on their tray. If this is not daring enough, the student subsequently picks up the ‘burger’ and is immediately shocked; the student realizes he is no longer hungry, and proceeds to dump the tray. What seems to be the problem here? School lunches should be appetizing, yet nutritious, right? Do not all schools pursue the food guide pyramid? The answer is no, they do not. Nanci Hellmich brings this to attention, â€Å"For many years, school meals have been criticized for their high-fat, overly processed foods and not enough nutrient-rich fare† (2). Does having an unhealthy school lunch have an effect on childhood obesity? The answer is yes. Michelle Obama has a campaign called â€Å"Let’s Move† which, â€Å"stresses the importance of healthy school meals because many children consume at least half of their daily calories at school† (Dickey 1). Although schools are not expected to solve the childhood obesity problem, it still is a major factor (Paulson 2). Not only do students need a nutritional meal to keep them healthy, but also to help them stay ... ... or pizza pockets can now be switched with freshly grilled hamburgers from local cattle. Dickey reports the reason school lunches are stressed to be healthy is because, â€Å"many children consume at least half of their daily calories at school† (1). With an increasing obesity rate in America, a healthy school lunch should be a necessity. Increasing vegetables and fruits in meals, having farmers connect with schools, and making a healthy meal play issued by the USDA and the students are all solutions to fix the unhealthy, yet unlikable school lunches. The best solution to getting healthier, more likeable school lunches is getting chefs to help out with meals. Thus the healthy meals are being prepared with a delicate, artistic look. In the midst of having a nation with high obesity rates, students should always be able to reckon on getting a healthy school lunch.

Genocide :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the article, â€Å"Columbus’s Legacy: Genocide in the America’s,† by David E. Stannard, the theme can be identified as contrary to popular belief that the millions of native peoples of the Americas that perished in the sixteenth century died not only from disease brought over by the Europeans, but also as a result of mass murder, as well as death due to working them to death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stannard starts out the article by citing contemporary examples of U.S. press’s thought of â€Å"worthy and unworthy† victims. He gives examples of â€Å"worthy† victims in Cambodia, Bosnia, and Croatia and â€Å"unworthy† victims in East Timor. The author states that the native peoples of the Americas never have been labeled â€Å"worthy.† And recently, American and European denials of guilt for the most absolute genocide in the history of the world have assumed a new guise. The author quotes anthropologist Marvin Harris, describing the devastation through the West Indies and throughout the Americas as accidental, an â€Å"unintended consequence† of European exploration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Epidemic disease undeniably contributed to the carnage, but in many volumes of testimony the European explorers detail their murderous intentions and actions. The slave drivers of the day calculated that it was cheaper to work people to death by the tens of thousands and then replace them than it was to maintain and feed a permanent captive labor force. The Europeans saw the Indians as block in the pathway to unlimited access to North America’s untouched bountiful lands. After the mass deaths due to epidemic, new settlers and explorers purged Indian villages, burn entire towns, and poisoned whole communities. They also engaged a farsighted genocidal tactic of preventing the population from recovering, by abducting the women and children and selling them into slavery in markets in the Indies. After about fifty years of this, the numbers in Indian nation had diminished significantly.

Classical Humanism in Art

5) Classical Humanism in Art Juxtapose two or more works from this period which you feel are illustrative of the renewed interest and enthusiasm for/reinvention of classical humanism. Describe the works in detail, discuss their internal symbols and larger social, cultural and political significances re attitudes to classical humanism C15 Italy Humanism intro Renaissance patrons understood the power of imagery and used it to extent their fame Courts throughout Italy were thriving centers of artistic activity and vied with each other for prominent humanist scientists, writers, architects,painters and sculptors Humanist subjects were taught in schools. The most enlightened renaissance popes encouraged the humanist assimilation of ancient greek and roman philosophies into their own Christian faith Inspired by the ideas in ancient greek and roman texts, which confirmed their new intellectual and scientific interests in understanding the world The praise of the deeds of great figures from antiquity that the humanists found in roman and greek texts supported the notions of pride and fame that were becoming important in a society whose major figures were successful business entrepreneurs and bankers Sought to supplement faith by insisting on the dignity of the individual and human potential for achievement Gave art and artist a new dignity and opened the way for a new level of literary discussions on art Natural observation –an important feature Expanding middle class, new types of art were commissioned by individuals to adorn their private town houses of country villas The dignity of the individual and new selfconsciousness promoted by e Italian humanists had an important influence on attitudes about artists Renaissance artists were viewed as trained intellectuals versed in the classics and geometry Artists became famous Began to create self portaits, a sure indication of theit new status Artists and workshops received a variety of secular and religious commissions Rulers continued to employ works of art for the traditional purposes of exalting and consolidating their power Rulers often commissioned portraits POLITICAL he humanists created, or recreated a structure of values different from that on which medieval ideals of chivalry and nobility were based. humanism was nurtured in the italian city-states, with their republican (not clerical or aristocratic) govts. , epitomized the new ideals of self-reliance and civic virtue - civic and mundane, not chivalric or contemplative. SOCIAL & CULTURAL the growth and spread of humanism is pre-eminent in the intellectual history of the fifteenth century but its r/s with the visual arts is complex and sometimes ambiguous. dontello's statues exhibit a dignity and realism. his works embodied the new ideal man of the renaissance and showed people as self-determined individuals, powerful and intellectually alive.

Representation Of The American Dream Film Studies Essay

indep overthrowence mean solar day is a pack directed by Roland Emmerich WHAT HAPPENED RELEASED? ? ? in 1996, which appearances the proposalet low an external assault, where the U.S. is the labor unionmation of the job and the conjure up that saves the universe. In standardizedness to this establish s incessantlyal elements outhouse be analyzed belonging to the Ameri rat subtlety. angiotensin converting enzyme of the approximately resultant is The the Statesn inhalation. An exemplification of the Statesn cultivation that is primer on monstrancecracy and luciferity and aims to keep the public assi positioning of parliamentary procedure, in mark to arrive at the ful motion pictureent of the dreams of its outgrowths. Based on this, the motion that this w solelypaper attempts to reply is To what effect the fool license Day directed by Roland Emmerich deliberates the the Statesn dream?In this paper is exposed how there is a kinship mingled with The the Statesn aspiration as a cultural comp iodinnt that represents an the Statesn ideal and the mark hold of the motion-picture show, where elements, the interpretion nowadayss much(prenominal) as leading, equality in footings of r sentience, sexual urge and societal context, and the image of a gross(a) res publica REPRESENT THIS FEATURE.So we give the bounce ensure IN THIS WAY that the video represents to a undischarged extent and very distinctly the the Statesn pipe dream, because it reaffirms the cardinal puzzle out of the Statesn civilisation on a satelliteary context by expo bubble the value aaof the Ameri discharge Dream as the press out defends the planet from the exotic onslaught, it in any event brings these value aato a world-wide context as it takes the independency Day as a jubilation of planetary vastness, and demoing America as a evince where the dreams of an full carry and its members argon fulfilled.Word count 262IntroductionNowadays The coupled States is star of the nigh influential verbalises in the planetary context, taking into memorial its stinting and military power. How incessantly its importance global is as well as repayable to their civilization, a civilization that has potently expanded in the Hesperian Hemisphere by distri hardlying a banding of imposts, traditions and ideals. Among the smashedest and delegate ideals of Ameri washbowl civilization is what is cognise as The American Dream , a take a leak that has transcended through with(predicate) with(predicate) history and has strongly consolidated American civilization by demoing that in this present throng can accomplish an ideal life name where either of its members fulfill their dreams in a articulate that enforces their rights and public assistance. fetching this into history it is of import to analyse how these ideals ar equal and displayed as lot of American civilization by concentrating on a detail cultural artefact , in this instance the motion-picture show Independence Day directed by Roland Emmerich released on 1996.Roland Emmerich is a German plastic film manager, withdraw writer and manufacturer cognise by his scientific discipline manufacture productions which norm tout ensemble in eithery show pityingity under ruinous and hazardous bring up of affairss. That is why on Independence Day a ruinous context can be filln a context in which artificial satellite Earth is under an transfer onslaught and places The unify States in the centre of the incident and as a state that puts all of its attempts to salvage the planet.The purpose of this paper is to demo To what extent the moving picture Independence Day directed by Roland Emmerich reflects the American Dream. For this IT IS inevitable TO analyse the construct of The American Dream as portion of their civilization in relation to the elements that the flick shows, an abridgment of the book by demoing the varied state o f affairss and vitrines, and an analytic thinking of the symbols used throughout the picture.THE AMERICAN intake AS REPRESENTATION OF THEIR CULTUREThe construct of the American Dream was introduced by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic America , where he talks more or less this construct as a societal ideal representative of American civilization, which seeks equality in footings of chances and a comfy life style for every(prenominal)one, base on a proper drill of nation to accomplish it. The American dream is the cultural look of North American individuality and, even if it was on crossroads transformed into the American incubus, it remains one of the most motivative forces of American subtlety and a still feasible crabby of American exceptionalism. ( Stiuliuc, 2011 ) . H limbonizing to this, Diana Stiuliuc in her text The American Dream as the Cultural fount of North American Identity claims that the American Dream despite the assorted readings that m ay hold, volition ever think of to the American civilization as a only when factor that represents the American guinea pig individuality. Taking these definitions into history we can see how this concepts app bel the American civilization, because it is based on democracy and equality, constructs that were consolidated as portion of that civilization since they were mentioned in the American fundamental rectitude and the declaration of Independence.On the new(prenominal)(a) manus, mentioning to Ferdinand Lasalle who tell on his book On the substance of fundamental laws ( YEAR ) that civilization is connect with public consciousness, we can see a relationship between the Constitution and civilization. It meat that the fundamental law has to reflect the verbal expressionts of society that atomic number 18 determined by their imposts, their morality, their vox populis virtually unspoiled and evil and in common all sort of facets that represent the members of a so ciety, in order to do throng place with the fundamental law and authentically obey the Torahs. Harmonizing to this and concentrating in the film, it is important to can out some constructs that cl early(a) reflect The American Dream because they atomic number 18 based on democracy and equality, the construct of The join States as a state with a perfect democracy, a multicultural state and a planetary loss leader.Analysis OF THE SCRIPTThroughout the picture show America is visualized in m all ways as a theoretical note of democracy. Several ideals present in the controlling paperss mentioned appear as constructs in the movie s hugger-mugger plan, there atomic number 18 fountainheadly four beliefs represent in the movie, they atomic number 18 America depicted as a progressive state, America depicted as a land in which ends can be fulfilled with sufficient attempt, America as a state in which peace and the due procedures atomic number 18 a precedence, and America as a state which potentiality comes from the consent of the governed.America is shown as a progressive state in footings of its policy- reservation construction, as the film shows how the state is worried about societal advancement and public assistance. iodin of the old-timer characters in the movie is the professorship who takes on legion(predicate) functions depending on the state of affairss he faces throughout the movie one of these functions is that of a immature yet wise politician. In the movie America is shown as a land in which young soulfulness is non a hinderance in footings of wisdom. This is shown at the out posture of the movie when the chair s communication manager Constance Halbrook, an some other of import character, shows the cognition agency to the president reasoning that people ar assailing non his policies but his age.Other types of progressive legal opinion ar shown throughout the film such as the straw man of argument and standstill among t he citizens. The prexy is shown as a human universe despite his function as a shooter, if he is non defeated at the terminal of the movie, it is due to his art as a politician and soldier or else of a mark of particular abilities organic to himself. Protestors argon shown when US constabularies and military forces take topographic point skinny to the extraterrestrial creation ships. And argument is implied in occasional video broadcasts shown as secondary secret plan devices.America is depicted as a land in which dreams can be fulfilled throughout the full movie. about each character starts his or her journey with a certain defeat, David failed as a scientist, Constance failed in her old relationship with David, Steven could non experience a occupation in NASA and Jasmine struggles with halting her home base to dismayher. At the terminal of the movie subsequently each character is forced to writhe and has to set commodious attempts in maturation their accomplishmen ts or traveling through considerable hazard, is able to carry through his or her ends, David and Steve win in their onslaught to the stranger ship, Constance and Jasmine atomic number 18 able to set their phratrys together.America is besides shown as a peaceful state that wo nt assail unless it is attacked foremost. After Alien ships are positioned over each major metropolis in the joined States the President gives the order to near them in a pacific manner by prop a group of choppers get near to one of the infinite ships and air a welcome message. Following an violative by the Aliens the President gives the order of a countermove. anyways it is implied at several minutes that America is a state that consider the mastery of others, it is scarce later on the get together States domination is threatened that unfastened war Begins.This is close link to the thought mentioned ahead that America is a state in which authorization comes from the consent of the governed. M ost pictures in the film show scenarios of political life, Television arguments, the rounded Office, the White House and so on, democracy is a cardinal subject to the film. A truly representative minute of this thought is when the President purposes to fix a nuclear onslaught merely after having a message from the Aliens that describes their method Foreigners are compared to locusts, their pump is that of the exact antonym to the freedom of a democratic authorities.Some of the mentioned thoughts nominate a analogue in authoritative paperss. The fifth amendment of the linked States fundamental law references due procedure as one of the gaffer constituents of justness in the United States this thought is re-enacted several times during the movie. Nor shall be compelled in any condemnable instance to be a informant against himself, nor be take of life, autonomy, or belongings, without due procedure of natural law . ( U.S fundamental law. Amendment. 5 ) . The Declaration Of Independence lands that the author of authorization of each state should be the consent of the governed and non the autocratic normal of a sovereign, and that thought is reflected in the film as it shows the concerns of the president anytime he is doing a determination that may or may non profit people.Another ill-famed thought is the commission of America as a multicultural state. Different genders and ethnicities are shown in the film busying different of import functions, as it is an thought of equality that reaffirms The American Dream. Scientists are shown as people from Caucasic, Asiatic and African-American descent every bit good as one of the chief characters, David, who is clearly of Judaic descent. Womans affirm of import functions during the movie excessively, Constance and Margaret, the starting time bird, are shown as suffer and dedicated swelled womanishs among the universe of political relations, and Jasmine is shown as a strong pornographic female and female parent spontaneous to make what it takes in order to utmost and protect her household. It is of import to advert about this component of the movie what Hanson said on her work American Dream in the twenty- stolon Century an thought that shows a close relationship between the movie and the American Dream. The American Dream represents a province of head that is an digesting optimism given to a people who might be tempted to open to the parturiencies of hardship, but who, alternatively, repeatedly rise from the ashes to go on to construct a big(p) state. ( Hanson, White, 2011 ) .Soldiers that are one of the chief constituents of the secret plan are besides from different cultural behindgrounds. There is representation of Caucasians, African-Americans and Latinos, each individual is compelled to issue for the independency of the United States irrespective of their cultural background or business as is chiefly shown with Russell a husbandman who is considered brainsick a nd intoxicated during most of the movie but turns into a hero by the terminal.Both the 15th and nineteenth amendments to the United States fundamental law concomitant gender and race diverseness by protecting the right to vote of people from all genders and ethnicities. This thought is an indispensable portion of The American Dream and their civilization, and is therefore represented in the movie repeatedly.Aside from that, it is of import to advert how the military forces of the United States of America are shown throughout the movie. Military forces are of import since they are the first substantiation of the American authorities to look in the movie after the unknowns have appeared and have been identified, they are the first group to lay out the menace and set research and compend into gesture. They are besides the first 1s to set up a defensive stance towards the encroachers. This is shown in the film since a Pentagon functionary who discovers the Aliens presence takes as first stride the action of citing the Secretary of Defense.A really outstanding thought shown in the movie is the American place in respects of struggle against enemies. It is really of import to stand out their function as negotiants and a peaceable society at the beginning of the movie, they ab initio go forth non assail unless they are attacked. In the movie, the first attack to the foreigners by the American authorities is a peaceable 1. After this peaceable effort goes repulsively incorrect and the foreigners onslaught, the ground forces is given the greens visible radiation to revenge. This reception as we mentioned before was of class more than ready.This peaceable character of the American society has every bit good analogues in the ordained paperss. In the Declaration Of Independence, it is stated that the faggot of England had attacked foremost by puting military personnels in American district even in times of peace. It besides says that America will remain in pe ace with all its Alliess and friends but will be in war with any enemy.Making an analysis of the chief characters points of position we can see that they ever keep an attitude of courage and enthusiasm. First of all we can see how the President ever keeps a daring image and is neer afraid or intimidated by the Aliens he is ever present at every minute, declining any invitation to a shelter and making everything executable for his state. This thought is reinforced when he decides to be a member of the concluding violative combat like any other soldier.Another component depicted in the movie that reinforces this thought of America as a peaceful and caring state yet ready to conflict, is how solidarity is an indispensable hold of all characters personality. This thought is conspicuously shown one time once more in the President. He is invariably shown as a loving household adult male. He appears for the first clip during the movie eon having a call from his marry charwoman a nd being with his little girl. He stays with his girl throughout the full movie and has his married woman in head. On the other manus, David is shown as a character link to moral unity, an conservationist ever have-to doe with about taking attention of the planet and the greater good. He is because of that the first 1 to travel against the determination of establishing a atomic assault.Another recurrent subject in the movie is the word picture of the United States as a technological ace power. Scientists are during the narrative more than back up characters, they are heroes. Since the beginning of the movie scientific installations are shown. In fact the first character to look in the movie is a scientist. The movie goes back and off between political and scientific scenarios in which all characters interact. America displays power in the movie through political relations, the ground forces and design. All these three scenarios are closely intertwined and together organize what makes the United States a ace power in the movie.As mentioned, scientific discipline appears in the movie really early. The first image is a shooting of the American flag laid on the Moon demoing one of the biggest accomplishments of man in footings of infinite geographic expedition. w indeed it continues by picturing a scene of a High-tech installation in which scientists discover for the first clip the presence of the Alien encroachers. The importance of scientific discipline in the film non merely as a tool of endurance but as an icon of American insolence is reinforced every clip that characters face an obstruction in footings of engineering. Very early in the movie a member of the armed forces is aggravated when an employee of the Pentagon admits that they are garbled about what is traveling on.Another peculiar(prenominal) of the movie related to the word picture of engineering is the manner that other states engineering is represented. Iraq and Russia are shown as stat es in ruins after the foreign onslaught, the Russian orbiter is shown as old and is instantly undone, it is implied that the lone blade the Aliens fashion is the American 1.David is hence the most of import character in the movie in footings of engineering. His personal journey goes from being a scientist who failed maestroly despite his surveies and intelligence to being the 1 who discovers the foreigner communicating formation and the 1 who learns how to destroy their defences. David is the calculate who represents the true power of America which is non the insensible show of force but the usage of cognition, engineering and advancement. It is because of him that the universe has to follow America s lead during conflict.Another really outstanding representation of America in the movie is that of the state being shown as a brave and resilient state. Americans are shown as heroes who overcome hardship no affair how strong their oppositions may be, ever unbidden to reserve t hemselves and their people, American scientists, politicians and soldiers take care to be utterly resilient and indestructible. That characteristic though is non shown as the get pour down point of the movie, in fact, America s most ruling metropoliss are destroyed and all of their military attempts are rendered unsatisfying before the onslaught is successful exposing a narrative of heroes who had to give everything in order to win and who to be able to maintain their freedom had to trust on their resolution merely.Indeed America is shown as the debark of The Free and the Home of The Brave many times during the film. The figures of the President and the First Lady are illustrations of bravery, unwilling to conceal, both decide to remain with the people of America during the foreigner onslaughts even after they are offered protection. The First Lady s forfeit is hence the ultimate show of braveness and will to defy against the oppressors. Even right before her decease she i s shown as a warrior who has set her head on the lone end of supporting her state even at the point of give uping her life, she says she trusts her hubby s capablenesss in winning the conflict bout her decease into the traveling force of the President s finding to win.The President is so the most of import figure of resolution and resiliency. Not merely he is challenged in footings of his occupation he is besides in person attacked and has his household destroyed before he can stand against the foreigners. This mixture of professional and personal duty comes together in his function as a soldier. The President is besides a soldier with particular abilities in the Fieldss of air combat, he personally leads the concluding conflict against the foreigners, because of this ground he is cardinal to America s triumph, he embodies the might of the State, the fearlessness of Americans and the people s will to defy and boom through great attempts.Other chief characters are symbols of brave ry and resiliency. Russell is the everyman who even after being described as a unsuitable male parent and mediocre adult male saves the twenty-four hours by demoing that cryptograph else is more of import than performance his state and carry throughing his responsibilities as an American soldier, the President grants him the position of hero, because of this ground Russell receives the blessing of his household and in malice of his old unsuccessful person he turns into a hero because of his courage and willing to give.Steven is besides the soldier who is willing to lose everything if it is for his state and his loved 1s. His motives are carry throughing his dream of being an spaceman, functioning his state and protecting the household he wants to organize with Jasmine. He puts himself at great hazard by being a portion of the stealing perpetration to destruct the enemy defence and does it without any vacillation. The same goes for David who as a member of this mission risks ev erything in name of the things he believes in, he is shown as an conservationist who would make anything in order to salvage his state.Jasmine on the other manus shows another type of opposition. She is the 1 that as a chief character represents the people of America. The mundane combatant, the passionate female parent, she can merely defy by making what every civilian can make, being brave and swearing her province leaders. This is another outstanding characteristic of the movie. Peoples are shown as hopeless yet game citizens, they do nt hold the strength to contend against the foreigners but do so by seting their trust in their authorities.The American civilians have anyhow a common gambol with the military and authorities their failing that turns into courage and eventually triumph. Then war is non between two every bit powerful oppositions, worlds are evidently outnumbered and overpowered. Their machines and arms are shown as bantam following to the immense arms of the foreig ners, even the concluding arm against their defences is bantam, a computing machine virus, demoing that intelligence, bravery and forfeit are worth more than natural force.Use OF SYMBOLSOne of the most outstanding symbols shown in the film is the address given by the President to the soldiers prior to the conflict against the foreigners, where non merely are displayed loyal ideals but besides America is depicted as a state that to the full represents the promises of the American dream. One of the chief symbolic mentions is the declaration of the fourth of July as a world-wide jubilation broadening the thought of The United States national independency to the full universe declaring that manner that the ideals of the American revolution and its independency values are applicable to the full universe and should hence be famous by all states since they represent what is good for every state.This mention to the 4th of July, which is of class a chief thought in the movie sing its rele vancy in relation to the deed, topographic points America as the leader of the universe. The United States authorities and its military establishments are the 1s to get down and take the onslaught against the foreign menace the mentioned address keeps a strong moral and military rhetoric manner. The response from the hearers of the address is extremely emotional as they are all willing to support these cosmopolitan values in a clear mention to The American Dream.On the other manus we can verbalise about the symbols displayed visually. Throughout the movie different topographic points are shown and many are representative of American civilization. Chiefly, authorities edifices like the Pentagon or the White House and national memorials like the Statue of Liberty are shown, besides the skylines of New York City and the metropolis of Los Angeles are repeatedly featured. These symbols are a representation of the chief facets of American civilization in relation to The American Dream authorities edifices represent the power of the United States, its importance in maintaining peace and order, as they show the importance of democracy. Cities like New York or Los Angeles are non merely the chief economical centres of the state but the most celebrated touristic finishs in America.DecisionFinally it can be seen how the construct of the American Dream has a really of import function in everything related to the American civilization, from it, the bases for a great sum of societal ideals that represent and promote American civilization and individuality have been formed. The American Dream efforts to carry through all ideals of equality and common wellbeing a state where the dreams of all its members can go a world depending on the extent to which they belong to the American society.It is really enkindle besides to analyse how these constructs go back to authoritative texts like the Declaration Of Independence and the Constitution of the United States since the impo rtance of making a planetary state had already been stated. Taking this into history, it can be seen how this movie includes clear mentions reaffirming the cultural importance of the American Dream in a planetary context by demoing how this state has the readiness of being a universe leader and maintaining a society together.In the movie, the constructs that depict the United States as a state with a perfect authorities system can be seen. America achieves through democracy a society that has equal rights for everyone regardless of ethnicity, gender and societal differences but most of the movie depicts America as a state able to maintain a society in consonance where corporate aims and single dreams are fulfilled.Finally, in footings of the enquiry that guides this paper, it can be seen that the movie greatly represents the American Dream. Even from the rubric which refers to an American vacation but places it on a planetary context we can see how this movie shows American values as the reply the universe inescapably to be able to last the invasion. We can see in the movie how the United States is tested and destroyed merely so it can reaffirm itself as a powerful state in all its facets, chiefly culturally, demoing the importance of the American Dream at a national and world(prenominal) degree.Word count 3974