Nationalism In The Global Village Essay -- essays research papers fc

INTRODUCTION     With the dawning of the information age t present has been a shoplifting of relative distances between people and places all over the valet de chambre. With an increase in international communication comes an increase in cultural sharing. Cultures all over the artificial satellite reflect influences of neighboring enculturations and other international trading partners. As these and umpteen other factors work towards creating a global small town m each people atomic number 18 baffled by the increase in nationalism. Nationalism is a extremely emotional phenomenon and as such is very unpredictable. Nationalism is far beyond its extreme and the current rise is likely only an indicator of the transitional act of globalization.GLOBAL VILLAGE     Today it is vernacular to here the term "global village" used in every day conversation. It is also common to here someone say, "What the hell is the global village?&q uot The global village is the idea that the world and its people form an interconnected social whole, a village of common sakes and concerns, linked by global communication, media, and rapid international transportation. The global village has emerged via the make of the information age. Technological advances have continually stretched the bounds of our communication abilities and by using improving cellular phone technology or the Internet any individual can interact with another individual from a totally different socialisation. Since it is so easy and affordable to engage in these cross-cultural experiences, more(prenominal) and more people have been doing so. Cross-cultural exchanges often rise from or result in common interests or concerns developing. For example, international companies have a vested interest in the economies of the various countries in which they conduct business. The stronger the economies the better business willing be. This is the sort of common inte rest and concern that the global village encompasses. All cultures are continually evolving and the information age has increased the ability of one culture to influence another culture. As all cultures begin to adopt features of other cultures the state of the planet begins to develop a homogenous culture. Recognition of this global culture is what led to the belief that a global village exists. global media, while a strong influence of global culture, is not the onl... ...ssel, 1954.Couture, Jocelyne, Kai Nelson and Michael Seymour. Rethinking Nationalism. Calgary U. of Calgary Press, 1998.Levinson, David and Karen Christensen. The Global Village companion An A-Z Guide to Understanding Current World Affairs. Santa Barbara ABC - CLIU, 1994.de Blij, H.J., and Alexander B. Murphy. Human geographics Culture, Society, and Space. 6th ed. New York Wiley, 1998.Dickerson, Mark O. and Thomas Flanagan. An Introduction to Government and political sympathies A Conceptual Approach. 5th ed. Scarborough Nelson, 1998.Hooson, David. geographics and National Identity. Oxford and Cambridge Blackwell, 1994.Malamud, Carl. A Worlds Fair for the Global Village. Cambridge and London MIT Press, 1997.Rollin, Roger. The Americanization of the Global Village Essays in Comparative Popular Culture. bowl Green State University Popular Press, 1989.Sathyamurthy, T.V. Nationalism in the Contemporary World. Totowa Allanheld, Osmun and Co., 1983.Taylor, Peter J. semipolitical Geography. 2nd ed. New York Wiley, 1989.NATIONALISMS ROLE IN THE GLOBAL VILLAGEAPRIL 8, 1999Geography 215For Dr. WilliamsBy Jeremy Karwandy 944 944 Nationalism In The Global Village Essay -- essays research papers fc INTRODUCTION     With the dawning of the information age there has been a shrinking of relative distances between people and places all over the world. With an increase in international communication comes an increase in cultural sharing. Cultures all over the planet reflect influences of neighboring cultures and other international trading partners. As these and many other factors work towards creating a global village many people are baffled by the increase in nationalism. Nationalism is a highly emotional phenomenon and as such is very unpredictable. Nationalism is far beyond its peak and the current rise is likely only an indicator of the transitional stage of globalization.GLOBAL VILLAGE     Today it is common to here the term "global village" used in every day conversation. It is also common to here someone say, "What the hell is the global village?" The global village is the idea that the world and its people form an interconnected social whole, a village of common interests and concerns, linked by global communication, media, and rapid international transportation. The global village has emerged via the birth of the information age. Technological advances have continually stretched the bounds of our co mmunication abilities and by using improving cellular phone technology or the Internet any individual can interact with another individual from a completely different culture. Since it is so easy and affordable to engage in these cross-cultural experiences, more and more people have been doing so. Cross-cultural exchanges often rise from or result in common interests or concerns developing. For example, international companies have a vested interest in the economies of the various countries in which they conduct business. The stronger the economies the better business will be. This is the sort of common interest and concern that the global village encompasses. All cultures are continually evolving and the information age has increased the ability of one culture to influence another culture. As all cultures begin to adopt features of other cultures the population of the planet begins to develop a homogenous culture. Recognition of this global culture is what led to the belief that a global village exists.Global media, while a strong influence of global culture, is not the onl... ...ssel, 1954.Couture, Jocelyne, Kai Nelson and Michael Seymour. Rethinking Nationalism. Calgary U. of Calgary Press, 1998.Levinson, David and Karen Christensen. The Global Village Companion An A-Z Guide to Understanding Current World Affairs. Santa Barbara ABC - CLIU, 1994.de Blij, H.J., and Alexander B. Murphy. Human Geography Culture, Society, and Space. 6th ed. New York Wiley, 1998.Dickerson, Mark O. and Thomas Flanagan. An Introduction to Government and Politics A Conceptual Approach. 5th ed. Scarborough Nelson, 1998.Hooson, David. Geography and National Identity. Oxford and Cambridge Blackwell, 1994.Malamud, Carl. A Worlds Fair for the Global Village. Cambridge and London MIT Press, 1997.Rollin, Roger. The Americanization of the Global Village Essays in Comparative Popular Culture. Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1989.Sathyamurthy, T.V. Nationalism in the Contempora ry World. Totowa Allanheld, Osmun and Co., 1983.Taylor, Peter J. Political Geography. 2nd ed. New York Wiley, 1989.NATIONALISMS ROLE IN THE GLOBAL VILLAGEAPRIL 8, 1999Geography 215For Dr. WilliamsBy Jeremy Karwandy 944 944

Essay --

Theresa ManganielloDecember 17, 2013Osmosis Lab reportBio Honors (Yellow)Creating a Semi-Permeable membrane1.Define osmosis.The diffusion of water by means of selectively permeable membranes 2.What is a semi-permeable membrane?A semipermeable membrane, also termed a selectively permeable membrane, a partially permeable membrane or a differentially permeable membrane, is a membrane that forget allow certain molecules or ions to fountainhead through it by diffusion and occasionally narrow facilitated diffusion. 3.What is dialysis tubing?Dialysis tubing is a type of semi-permeable membrane tubing made from regenerated cellulose or cellophane. It can be utilise for diffusion with solutes or osmosis if used with water only. 4.What molecules are able to pass through the dialysis tubing? Unable to pass through the dialysis tubing?Selective permeability of dialysis tubing shows ions and molecules can pass through the dialysis tubing. Dialysis tubing is not permeable to starch because s tarch is too large.. 5.What is distilled water?Distilled water is water that has been purified through a process of heating and cooling. 6.What is the commonality name for saccharose? Draw a molecule of sucrose.Table Sugar 7.Develop your hypothesis with your lab partnerI think that the more cartridge holder each bag is given, the heavier it will get. So my hypothesis isIn this lab, the bags with sucrose and unknown solution will be heavier than the bags with water, and as time goes on the bags with sucrose will have more mass than the others. HypothesisIn this lab, the bags with sucrose and unknown solution will be heavier than the bags with water, and as time goes on the bags with sucrose will have more mass than the others. Materials-6 pieces of 15... ...because it reacted in the same way in which the sucrose did. In this lab, I created a toughie, and observed the model of a semi permeable cell membrane. I thought that the bags with sucrose and unknown solution will be heav ier than the bags with water, and as time goes on the bags with sucrose will have more mass than the others. I was able to accept my hypothesis, and prove it true through the lab. Bag one basically stayed the same, and five and half dozen went down. Bags 2-4 all increased drastically in mass, proving my hypothesis. This lab mirrors what some scientists do every day, whether it be creating models, or studying cells. No matter where we go, science will always be with us. Work citedAnimation How Osmosis Works. Animation How Osmosis Works. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2013.Learning By Osmosis. Something to Shout About. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2013.

Ancient Romes Animal Cruelty for Entertainment :: essays research papers

The Romans are often characterized as loving violent and cruel entertainment in the amphitheatre. It has been suggested that the games served the dual purpose of providing entertainment for the muckle and maintaining the political status quo.In todays society, the killing of humans and animals usually means a jail term, and seeing someone die is non something people go and see for fun. Violence was glorified in Rome hundreds of years ago. All the crimes they committed were condoned, accepted and glorified. There were four different genres of such(prenominal) entertainment in the games held in amphitheatres (Amphi-theatres are outdoor arenas. "theatres in the round" Amphi- meaning "round" in Greek.) Gladiatorial combat, the theatrical execution of foreigners, beast shows, as well as chariot racing. Watching someone or a beast kill another was applauded for the method, skill, or artistry used in the slaughter. The games themselves provided slipway for Rome to demon strate the power of their empire, as huge investments of wealth, time, and emotion was put into the games. Death became a spectator sport with the viewers and the viewed both contri only ifing to a wild and gory performance. Already by the late Republic magistrates were spending huge amounts of money on these games. The Latin word for gladiatorial games is Munus which means prerequisite offering. This reflects the origin of these games as funerary offerings to the dead. While magistrates in the Republic may well have put on games to gain popular favour, this was in their snobbish capacity and not as magistrates. Only gradually did the gladiatorial shows come to be assimilated with the games put on by magistrates. While the most popular games were chariot racing and fake naval battles, fights in the amphitheatres, shown in these mosaics include gladiator V gladiator, gladiator V animal (pic 2) and animal V animal, were a common feature. Less common, but not infrequent was the rele ase of wild beasts from the pits into the arena where hundreds of criminals had earlier been positioned. These spectacles all deeming to be very entertaining to spectators.Throughout the history of the Republic, there was a difference between the gladiatorial contests and other forms of spectacular entertainment. The Romans did not invent the concept of gladiatorial fighting there is some uncertainty as to the arrogate source. One ancient source says it was the Etruscans, a non-Indo-European people who lived directly north of the Romans.

Themes in Raymond Carvers Literature Essay -- Papers Carver Short Cut

Themes in Raymond Carvers LiteratureIn Short Cuts, by Raymond Carver, characters experience trials and problems in their lives, whether extremum such as in A Small, Good Thing and Lemonade or nominal such as in Vitamins. They all seem to depict these struggles as uphill battles which the characters cannot and mostly do not overcome. The characters throughout Carvers Short Cuts struggle through their lives in private desperation, much to ultimately realize that they are jounce to the truth of who they really are, which is shown in the story Neighbors.In Neighbors, Bill and Arlene Miller are a couple with menial jobs who give credence to the saying the scum bag is greener on the other side of the fence. They are dissatisfied with their own lives and look to the lives of their neighbors to find happiness in their own. Once a happy couple, they often feel that they alone among their circle had been passed by somehow (13). They did not discuss how they could change their own lives, but merely compared their lives with the Stones. They talked about it sometimes,...

The Business of Offshore Outsourcing in India :: Globalization essays, research papers

Offshore outsourcing of IT and business process outsourcing (BPO) is known to be the practice of hiring an external organization to perform some or all(prenominal) business functions in a country other than the one where the product or service willing be sold or consumed. In 2005 IT and BPO were estimated to pitch generated revenues of $36 billion contributing nearly 5% of the GDP (Virtual, 2006, p. 1). It is very clear that BPO has transformed into a very large and profitable business, with India trail the mien by providing $7.5 billion in BPO revenue this year. Indias outsourcing capabilities have grown steadily throughout the last decade (Turning India, 2006, p. 1). In the 1980s outsourcers in India did low skill jobs such as data entry and some parcel development. In the 1990s they expanded by doing larger softw be projects, fetching over entire IT systems and back office functions such as accounting for U.S. and European corporations (Offshoring, 2006, p.1). Indian I T grew on the relatively humdrum software manoeuvre necessitate to fix the Y2k millennium bug at the end of the 20th century. It then received a boost from the dotcom bust, which in many firms in the States and elsewhere caused IT budgets to be slashed, prompting outsourcing to India for a lower price (Virtual, 2006, p. 1). The India of today has taken on new challenges and much sophisticated services such as engineering, look into and development, and designing auto parts, and chips for wireless service (Offshoring, 2006, p. 1). Now Indian firms can perform almost every service offered by the global giants of IT outsourcing and Indias center business remains ADM which is the application, development and maintenance of software, which accounts for about 55% of exports of IT services(Virtual, 2006, p.1).Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, and Wipro are the three largest Indian IT service firms in India, Each are recruiting and hiring more than 1,000 people per month (Next Wa ve, 2006, p. 1). J.P. Morgan Chase, a large investment bank in the U.S., plans to double its staff to 9,000 in the near future. These new employees responsibility will be to settle complex structured finance and derivative deals (Next Wave, 2006 p. 1).These new investments all show that India has moved into a third period of the bully Indian services-export boom. In the first stage, firms such as Tata developed world-class expertise in software application development, and maintenance.The Business of Offshore Outsourcing in India Globalization essays, research papersOffshore outsourcing of IT and business process outsourcing (BPO) is known to be the practice of hiring an external organization to perform some or all business functions in a country other than the one where the product or service will be sold or consumed. In 2005 IT and BPO were estimated to have generated revenues of $36 billion contributing nearly 5% of the GDP (Virtual, 2006, p. 1). It is very clear that B PO has transformed into a very large and profitable business, with India leading the way by providing $7.5 billion in BPO revenue this year. Indias outsourcing capabilities have grown steadily throughout the last decade (Turning India, 2006, p. 1). In the 1980s outsourcers in India did low skill jobs such as data entry and some software development. In the 1990s they expanded by doing larger software projects, taking over entire IT systems and back office functions such as accounting for U.S. and European corporations (Offshoring, 2006, p.1). Indian IT grew on the relatively humdrum software work needed to fix the Y2k millennium bug at the end of the 20th century. It then received a boost from the dotcom bust, which in many firms in America and elsewhere caused IT budgets to be slashed, prompting outsourcing to India for a lower price (Virtual, 2006, p. 1). The India of today has taken on new challenges and more sophisticated services such as engineering, research and developme nt, and designing auto parts, and chips for wireless service (Offshoring, 2006, p. 1). Now Indian firms can perform almost every service offered by the global giants of IT outsourcing and Indias core business remains ADM which is the application, development and maintenance of software, which accounts for about 55% of exports of IT services(Virtual, 2006, p.1).Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, and Wipro are the three largest Indian IT service firms in India, Each are recruiting and hiring more than 1,000 people per month (Next Wave, 2006, p. 1). J.P. Morgan Chase, a large investment bank in the U.S., plans to double its staff to 9,000 in the near future. These new employees responsibility will be to settle complex structured finance and derivative deals (Next Wave, 2006 p. 1).These new investments all show that India has moved into a third stage of the great Indian services-export boom. In the first stage, firms such as Tata developed world-class expertise in software applicat ion development, and maintenance.

The Business of Offshore Outsourcing in India :: Globalization essays, research papers

Offshore outsourcing of IT and demarcation process outsourcing (BPO) is known to be the practice of hiring an external organization to perform some or all crease functions in a country other than the one where the product or service entrust be sold or consumed. In 2005 IT and BPO were estimated to cast off generated revenues of $36 billion contributing nearly 5% of the GDP (Virtual, 2006, p. 1). It is very clear that BPO has transformed into a very large and profitable business, with India leading the elan by providing $7.5 billion in BPO revenue this year. Indias outsourcing capabilities have grown steadily throughout the last decade (Turning India, 2006, p. 1). In the 1980s outsourcers in India did grim skill jobs such as data entry and some software development. In the 1990s they expanded by doing larger software projects, winning over entire IT systems and back office functions such as accounting for U.S. and European corporations (Offshoring, 2006, p.1). Indian IT grew on the relatively humdrum software work required to influence the Y2k millennium bug at the end of the 20th century. It then received a boost from the dotcom bust, which in many firms in America and elsewhere caused IT budgets to be slashed, prompting outsourcing to India for a lower price (Virtual, 2006, p. 1). The India of today has taken on new challenges and more than sophisticated services such as engineering, look for and development, and figure auto parts, and chips for wireless service (Offshoring, 2006, p. 1). Now Indian firms can perform almost every service offered by the global giants of IT outsourcing and Indias join business remains ADM which is the application, development and maintenance of software, which accounts for about 55% of exports of IT services(Virtual, 2006, p.1).Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, and Wipro are the three largest Indian IT service firms in India, Each are recruiting and hiring more than 1,000 lot per month (Next Wave, 2006, p. 1). J.P. Morgan Chase, a large investment bank in the U.S., plans to double its staff to 9,000 in the near future. These new employees responsibility will be to settle complex structured finance and derivative deals (Next Wave, 2006 p. 1).These new investments all show that India has moved into a third stage of the cracking Indian services-export boom. In the first stage, firms such as Tata developed world-class expertise in software application development, and maintenance.The Business of Offshore Outsourcing in India globalisation essays, research papersOffshore outsourcing of IT and business process outsourcing (BPO) is known to be the practice of hiring an external organization to perform some or all business functions in a country other than the one where the product or service will be sold or consumed. In 2005 IT and BPO were estimated to have generated revenues of $36 billion contributing nearly 5% of the GDP (Virtual, 2006, p. 1). It is very clear that BPO has t ransformed into a very large and profitable business, with India leading the way by providing $7.5 billion in BPO revenue this year. Indias outsourcing capabilities have grown steadily throughout the last decade (Turning India, 2006, p. 1). In the 1980s outsourcers in India did low skill jobs such as data entry and some software development. In the 1990s they expanded by doing larger software projects, taking over entire IT systems and back office functions such as accounting for U.S. and European corporations (Offshoring, 2006, p.1). Indian IT grew on the relatively humdrum software work needed to fix the Y2k millennium bug at the end of the 20th century. It then received a boost from the dotcom bust, which in many firms in America and elsewhere caused IT budgets to be slashed, prompting outsourcing to India for a lower price (Virtual, 2006, p. 1). The India of today has taken on new challenges and more sophisticated services such as engineering, research and development, and designing auto parts, and chips for wireless service (Offshoring, 2006, p. 1). Now Indian firms can perform almost every service offered by the global giants of IT outsourcing and Indias core business remains ADM which is the application, development and maintenance of software, which accounts for about 55% of exports of IT services(Virtual, 2006, p.1).Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, and Wipro are the three largest Indian IT service firms in India, Each are recruiting and hiring more than 1,000 people per month (Next Wave, 2006, p. 1). J.P. Morgan Chase, a large investment bank in the U.S., plans to double its staff to 9,000 in the near future. These new employees responsibility will be to settle complex structured finance and derivative deals (Next Wave, 2006 p. 1).These new investments all show that India has moved into a third stage of the great Indian services-export boom. In the first stage, firms such as Tata developed world-class expertise in software application deve lopment, and maintenance.

The Necessity of Defined Boundaries in Nursing

What the Hippocratic Oath is to physicians, the Nightingale Pledge is to hold dears. The very essence of this pledge needs to be maintained today as it was intended to be when it was first used on a graduating nursing class in 1893 Detroit (Wikipedia, 2007). Its importance is not to be understated its meaning not to be devalued. For each nurse in a leadership position, it is necessary to engrain this pledge in ones mind, rather than just repeat it for the sake of a certificate.With this engrained mentality, the managing nurse will possess the capacity to effectively implement this dogma into the minds and lives of young nurses. The Nightingale Pledge is symbolic of the more general concept of nursing landmark theory. The American Nurses Association (ANA), the American Medical Association (AMA), the state and national governments of the United States, any university with a nursing program, as well as every nurse and physician all have well-founded interests in defining boundaries that represent ethical and safe behaviors concerning nurses (Holder, 2007).As the world, specifically the US, continues to rely more and more on healthcare provision, it is unavoidable that some loss of integrity concerning the quality of nurses in general will occur. Young nursing students are not always as true-hearted about the work as was the lovely Miss Nightingale. They may be drawn to the profession for a well known variety of other reasons including plentiful salaries and constant, versatile demand for services. This precisely why the senior nursing staff must actively attempt to preserve the integrity of each nurse and thereby the entire profession.The question then becomes how to do it how to instill the solid and earnest concepts presented in the Nightingale Pledge into the minds and hearts of budding nurses. Education is the key (Wikipedia, 2007). As a leader, a managing nurse may initiate continuing educational services for the nursing staff. Programs that reinforce the foundations of nursing can be offered in a variety of formats. There are no rules for creative presentation. Five minutes at every staff meeting could be dedicated to boundary discussions, for instance. round emails could be sent regularly presenting a boundary tip of the day.Colorful and inviting flyers could be posted on the walls of staff break areas if nothing else. The importance lies in the transference of the knowledge in the sowing of the seeds of Nightingale. The managing nurse, and every nurse, should strive to uphold personal integrity levels as well as preserving the time-tested, well-earned respect for the worlds to the highest degree caring profession Nursing (Holder, 2007). As time goes on, nursing careers will progress in all areas and in all directions. A certain constituent of nurses will graduate for the wrong reasons this is unavoidable.With the necessary components of preservation activated and consistently engaged, the managing nurse can serve as one veh icle for the transference of this philosophical system of care giving. It can be shown to young nurses that the gifts that they give daily to their patients and humankind in general are by far more valuable than the professions more obvious perks. Nurses need to develop a sense of family with all other nurses in the world (Holder, 2007). There needs to be special K bonds inherit in all nurses. They must have a sense of community.The continuation of efforts to uphold the high moral and ethical standards, such as those presented in the Nightingale Pledge, are integral to the future of nursing worldwide. Bibliography/References Holder, K. & Schenthal, Stephen. (2007, Feb 13). Watch Your Step Nursing and Professional Boundries. Retrieved Feb 10, 2007, from Nursing Center http//www. nursingcenter. com/library/JournalArticle. asp? Article_ID=696090 Wikipedia. (2007, Feb 13). Nightingale Pledge. Retrieved Feb 10, 2007, from Wikipedia The scanty Encyclopedia http//en. wikipedia. org/w/in dex. php? title=SpecialCite&page=Nightingale_Pledge&id=100440708

Unwritten Law in Malaysia

Un create verbally impartialitys ar laws that atomic number 18 not enacted and not represent in any constitution. It comprises of side law (Common fair play and Equity), judicial decisions and customs. Common Law is a major part of many States, especially Commonwealth countries. It is in the first place made up of non statutory laws, which are the precedents derived from judgments devoted on real pillowcases by judges. Law of Equity resolves disputes between persons by strikering top principles of fairness, equality and justness. In these cases,nothing was done against the law by the parties to dispute, but their rights are in conflict.Thus, it is different from law,both the Statutory Law enacted by Parliament and State Legislatives and Common Law which consists of precedents and opinions given on real cases by judges. In situations where in that respect is no law governing a particular circumstance, Malaysian case law may apply. If in that location is no Malaysian case law, English case law can be applied. in that respect are instances where Australian, Indian,and Singaporean cases are used as persuasive authorities. Section 3(1)(a) urbane Law Act 1956 states that courts in Peninsular Malaysia should apply Common Law and the Law of Equity as administered in Eng shore up on seventh April1956.Section 3(1)(b) and Section 3(1)(c) of Civil Law Act 1956 states that courts in Sabah and Sarawak should apply common law and law of equity together with the statutes of general application as administered in Eng shoot on 1st December 1951 and 12th December 1949 accordingly. But it is not stated that the Common Law and Law of Equity in Malaysia should remain unqualified and follow the same law as administered in England. Common law and law of equity in Malaysia should be developed and amended according to the local needs. In addition, these two laws should also take into account of changes in these laws in England.However, Malaysian government can set their own scope for the amended or repealed Common Law and Law of Equity in Malaysia. In the case, Commonwealth of Australia v. Midford (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. , it was held that the doctrine of sovereign or crown immunity which was developed in English Common Law after 1956 should apply in Malaysia. It was said that any developments in English Common Law after 1956 should apply in Malaysia. In the case,Smith Kline & French Laboratories Ltd. v. Salim (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. ,It was held that the courts have the authority to put aside any Common Law or Law of Equity which cannot be applied in Malaysia.In the case,Jamil bin Harun v. Yang Kamsiah & Another,It was decided that courts have the authority to decide whether to follow English Law (common law and law of equity) or Federal law, considering the circumstances and the scope the written law permits to do so. In the case,Karpal Singh v. Public Prosecutor,It was held that the criminal offences in Malaysia were provided by Criminal Procedure Co de of Malaysia and therefore, there is no allowance for English law to apply. There are certain reboundaries as to the application of Common Law and Law of Equity in Malaysia.Common law can apply in the absence of local legislation. Local law is regarded highly that the English law. The English law is only meant to fill in the lacuna, in which the local legislation is not present. unless the relevant part which is suited to the local needs and circumstances applies. Malaysia is made up of different races, each possessing their own customs, different from English law. The stallion signification of English law means that the sovereignty of loca. The case law related to the boundaries of applicationis,Syarikat Batu Sinar Sdn.Bhd. v. UMBC Finance Bhd. In this case, problem of double financing occurred when first purchasers (UMBC Finance Bhd. ) indorsement of monomania claim was not included in the registration witof vehicle. UMBC tried to repossess the vehicle. The plaintiff sued UMBC, claiming that defendants were notentitled to the vehicle. It was held that the English law requires the indorsement of ownership claim in registration card, but the law in Peninsular Malaysia does not really require the indorsement to be attached with the registration card of vehicle.The law regarding the indorsement of ownership claims in Malaysia which applies to the local circumstanceshas to be distinguished from the English law race is affected. Two components of English law are English technical law and English land law. English Commercial Law is provided by the section 5(1)and section 5(2) of Civil Law Act 1956. The principles of English commercial law apply in Peninsular Malaysia turn out Penang and Malacca in absence of local legislations Section 5(1).This includes laws regarding partnership,banking, principals and agents, life and insurance and soon. There is no entire dependence on English commercial law as only certain principles apply and many local statutes hav e been inserted to the English Commercial Law. English Commercial Law applies in Penang,Malacca, Sabah and Sarawak as the law administered in these states will be the same as law administered in England, in the like case at corresponding period Section 5(2). These states are still dependant on the English Commercial Law. In the case,Koon Thean Soong v.Tan Eng Nam,it was held that English law of partnership was unsuitable as there is a local statute governing the partnership in Malaysia, which is Contract(Malay State) Ordinance. As for the English come Law, none of the English Land Law concerning the tenure, conveyance,assurance of or succession to any estate, right or interest there in applies in Malaysia. In Malaysia,National Land Code is the law that governs the land matters and there is no any allowance for English land law, unless the National land code applies it for the judicial comity.The case related is United Malayan Banking Coperation Bhd &Another v. Pemungut Hasil Tana h, Kota Tinggi. In this case, Johor State Authority transferred land to a proprietor with certain conditions and annual rent as consideration. The rent and penaltieson arrear payments were not settled. Johor State Authority served anotice to forfeiture the land as the right of consequence of the offence. The appellant, Johor State Authority and the proprietor,appealed and they were granted relief against forfeiture. Collector of Land revenue appealed to federal court and the appellants appealed to Privy Council.It was held that English land law concerning the relief against forfeiture is inapplicable in Malaysia. Relief against forfeiture means that order for forfeiture is cancelled and it was provided by Malaysian National Land Code. Judicial decisions are based on doctrine of binding precedent. Precedents are the decisions made by judges previously in similar circumstances. There are two types of precedents. Mandatory precedent is applied when the decisions of superior court are b inding on lower courts or the superior courts are bound by their own decisions previously.Related essay Disadvantages of Foreign Workers in MalaysiaHowever, the decisions of lower courts are not binding over superior courts. The lower courts must refer to the mandatory precedents of superior courts. However, judge of superior court will distinguish a case before him and the cases laying down the precedents and can decide not to follow the mandatory precedent if he thinks that the mandatory precedent is not related to the case before him. From this, an original precedent is formed. Persuasive precedent is a precedent which is useful or relevant to a case. It is not mandatory for the judges to apply persuasive precedent.Persuasive precedent may be binding on lower courts if judges of superior court choose to apply persuasive precedent. Customs are another important source of unwritten law. Customs are inherited from one generation to another generation. Every race hasits own customs. Chinese and Hindus customs are governed by Chinese and Hindu Customary Law. Natives in Sabah and Sarawak have their own customary law which relates to the land and family matters. Adat applies to malays. There are two types of Adat Adat Perpatih and Adat Temenggung. Adat Perpatih applies in Negeri Sembilan and Naning in Malacca.The unique characteristic of Adat Perpatih is matrilineal form of organization. It concerns with matters such as land tenure, lineage, inheritance and election of members of lembaga and YDP. Matrilineal is a system in which one belongs to mothers lineageit generally involves the inheritance of property,names or titles from mother to daughters. Adat Temenggung applies in other states. It is based on the characteristic of patrilineal form of organization. Patrilineal is a system in which one belongs to fathers lineage it generally involves the inheritance of property,names or titles from father to sons.After the establishment of Law Reform(Marriage and Divorce ) Act 1976, the family law has been given enforcement on matters of marriage, divorce and inheritance. As a result,the Chinese and Hindu Customary Laws have mazed its effect as an important source of unwritten law in Malaysia. Islamic law, which is only applicable to Muslims, isenacted under the Federal Constitution. The statelegislatures have the power and are permitted to make Islamic laws pertaining to persons professing the Islamreligion. Such laws are administered by separate courtsystem, Syariah accosts.State legislature also has the jurisdiction over the constitution, organization and procedures of Syariah Courts. Now, Islamic laws are more and more applied in banking and land laws other than applied to family matters and estate matters. The YDPA is the head of Islam in his home state,Penang, Malacca, Sabah, Sarawak and Federal Territories. The head of Islam of other States is Sultan. Sections 3 and 5 of the Civil Law Act allows for the application of English common law, e quity rules, and statutes in Malaysian civil cases where no specific laws have been made.In 2007, the then Chief evaluator of Malaysia,Tan Sri Ahmad Fairuz Abdul Halim questioned to need toresort to the English common law despite Malaysia having already been independent for 50 years and proposed to replace it with Islamic law jurisprudence orsharia law. The Federal Court of Malaysia is the highest judicial authority and the final court of appeal in Malaysia. The domain,although federally constituted, has a single-structured judicial system consisting of two parts the superior courts and the pendant courts.The subordinate courts are the Magistrate Courts and the Sessions Courts whilst the superior courts are the two High Courts of co-ordinate jurisdiction and status,one for Peninsular Malaysia and the other for the States of Sabah and Sarawak, the Court of Appeal and the Federal Court. The Federal Court, earlier cognize as the Supreme Court and renamed the Federal Court vide Act A885 effective from June 24, 1994, stands at the apex of this pyramid. Before January 1, 1985, the Federal Court was the highest court in the country but its decisions were further appealable to the Privy Council in London.However on January 1, 1978, Privy Council appeals in criminal and constitutional matters were abolished and on January 1,1985, all other appeals i. e. civil appeals except those filed before that date were abolished. The setting up of the Courtof Appeal on June 24, 1994 after the Federal Constitution was amended vide Act A885 provides litigants one more opportunity to appeal. instead it can be said that the right of appeal to the Privy Council is restored, albeit in the form of the Federal Court. Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy, nominally headed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (paramountruler), customarily referred to as the king.Kings are elected for 5-year terms from among the nine sultans ofthe peninsular Malaysian states. The king also is the leader of th e Islamic faith in Malaysia. Executive power is vested in the cabinet led by the Prime Minister the Malaysian constitution stipulates that the prime minister must be a member of the lower endure of parliament who, in the opinion of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong,commands a majority in parliament. The cabinet is chosen from among members of both houses of parliament and is responsible to that body.

Ethical Issues in India Essay

For SubjectBusiness Ethics & Corporate Governance2G Spectrum ScamWe have had a number of toys in India provided none bigger than the short involving the process of allocating unified access service licenses.It is Rs.1.76-lakh crore worth of learn. The amount is approximately 2% of national GDP or 1/3 of current tax revenue of India. It is also equals to annual income of telecom service sector.The former telecommunication minister A Raja who according to the CAG, has evaded norms at every level as he carried out the dubious 2G license awards in 2008 at a throw-away price which were pegged at 2001 prices.BeneficiariesReliance Communication allegedly had stake 10.7% of in swan telecom.But according to feel a telecom operator can non own to a greater extent than 10% stake in another telecom operator company operatinginsamearea.Unitech had no experience in telecom sector but according to rule the license should be given to those who have experience in telecom sector. They got licens e for throw away price of Rs. 1661 crore. It sold its 60% stake to Telenor at Rs. 6200 crore. Swan Telecom got license for Rs. 1500 Crore.it sold 45% stake to UAE based Etisalat at Rs. 9800crore.SwanTelecomhadnoexperienceintelecomsector.Other beneficiaries include Datcom solution, spiral Telecom, Tata teleservice, STel ltd, Idea cellular & spice communication. estimable issuesWith outbreak of 2G scam following ethical issues on the part of Government, Regulatory bodies, Media & industry came into forefront.GovernanceSpirit of collective responsibility not conserved.Seemed like throwback to the license raj era.RegulationToothless with only advisory powers.Insufficient manpower worsens the situationAppointment process care conflict of interestsProper decentralization of powers & implementation of existing rules may have prevented this scam. Media should understand its responsibility towards mess of India. Adequate power & resources should make available to regulative bodies.Commo n Wealth Games FraudThe Delhi Common Wealth Games (CWG) investigations by Central VigilanceCommission (CVC) revealed irregularities and fraudulent practices adopted by the organization committee members.The estimated work for misappropriation of funds is Rs 8000 crore (Rs 80,000 million). The investigations have recently commenced and the problems reported are as follows. Purchase swerves signed with varying rates for the same productPrices over-inflated in more or less contractsContracts given to relatives and fri stopsSub-standard products purchasedVendor payments made without confirming quality and deliveryPayments made to non-existent vendorsThe organization committee members ignored the Prevention of Corruption Act and government procedures for contracts and tenders.Ethical issuesFrom the perspective of purchasing process, the following ethical issues are apparent Improper and inadequate vendor consumeion and evaluation procedures werefollowed.Conflict of interest was not disclose while signing contracts with related parties.Tenders were not given to bidders quoting lowest price of the product.Vendors did not deliver the contracted quality and quantity as per the delivery schedule.Vendors were not penalized for sub-standard quality or late delivery.Vendor payments were not linked to delivery of products or completion of deliverables.There was no segregation of duties. The same officials authorized the contract and approved payments.An independent evaluation of contracts by risk managers may have prevented misappropriation of funds.A catchic audit by government agencies could have high-pitchedlighted these issues at an earlier stage.As Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) class is required to conductperiodic audits of all government expenses, it is surprising that these issues were not discovered earlier. This intelligibly indicates miss-utilization of public funds.Adarsh ScamA tall expression is built in Colaba area of mumbai just adjacent to e pass on of the realms of Indian navy, now as per navy this building is security threat for its assets and as per law it is illegal to build much(prenominal) structures near defence land.Now another issue is that the land on which the Adarasha smart set ( building) has been built is allocated for relocation of families of Kargil war Martyrs. but thing happened is that the society was granted permission under name of Kargil war heroes and most of the flats were allocated to relatives of maharashtra ministersNow from sounding to a facts it gives impression that biggest culprits in this scam are ministers of maharashtra who sanctioned the permission, bureaucrats who had sufficient money to purchase flats in the society on the name of their relatives, So overall looking scam is result of joint Venture of bureaucracy and politicians of Maharashtra.Ethical issuesWhy objection is taken after completion of building and not during the building was creation built?Power to give land at d iscounted rate should be more transparent.Government should bring more transparency in process of self-aggrandising land at discounted rate. They should monitor whether housing societies or organizations are following rule applicable to them.Adarsh scam in PuneDetails of another land scam have surfaced from Pune in which high ranking army, police, civil, transport and urban land department officials had joined to grab ho using ups in what was meant to be a defense society.Documents in possession of TIMES NOW prove that Defense Personnel Housing Society (DPCHS), which was supposed to house Kargil war widows, has illegally been sold off to bureaucrats.The disposition of allottees in this society also includes the personal secretaries of former Maharashtra Chief Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh and Narayan Rane. The DPCHS, which was formed by defense personnel, had applied to the district collector for allotment of land for a housing society in 2003. In response, the government had allotte d 1.86 hectares in Lohegaon.In 2003 the society was alloted the land which was meant for Kargil war widows. However, in 2010 the society filed a fresh list of allottees 100 of which included bureaucrats. The Pune collector has cracked down on the society and ordered an inquiry into the irregularities.Ethical issuesThe DPCHS was fromed for defense personnel. At rescue it has 200 members. Nearly 50 per cent of the members are employees at various government departments.Power to give land at discounted rate should be more transparent.Government should bring more transparency in process of giving land at discounted rate. They should monitor whether housing societies or organizations are following rule applicable to them.The loan scamThe economic offences wing of the Central Bureau of Investigation on unearthed a major fake housing loan racquet and arrested eight officials from various banks on graft charges. CBI arrested CEO of LIC Housing Finance Ramachandran Nair and seven others of age(p) bankers in connection with a housing finance racket. by from Nair, those arrested are Naresh K Chopra, Secretary (Investment), LIC, R N Tayal, General Manager of Bank of India (Delhi), Maninder Singh Johar, Director (Chartered Accountant) of Central Bank of India, Venkoba Gujjal and Dy General Manager of Punjab case Bank (Delhi). Rajesh Sharma, CMD of Mumbai based firm Money Matters Ltd and 2 of its employees Suresh Gattani and Sanjay Sharma were among those arrested.The bank officials allegedly colluded with the firm to sanction large scale corporate loans, overriding mandatory conditions for such approvals along with other irregularities. The Finance Ministry said it would explore the possibility of instituting a departmental inquiry into the housing finance racket that led to arrest of senior officials of the LIC Housing Finance and public sector banks.The CBI has alleged that Naresh Chopra, secretary (investment) LIC, had assured Rajesh Sharma of Money Matters that he would disfavour the proposal of DB Realty, which had approached it for a loan by some other agent. Subsequently , DB Realty approachedMoney Matters and got a loan worth Rs 200 crore sanctioned and disbursed within four months.Ethical issues position of intermediaries such as money matters is suspicious in entire scam.Too much power in the hands of a very few.There should be greater transparency in giving loan by financial institutes. there is need to destroy such rackets in financial institutes & banks.Air India supercharged double fare to rescue Indians in Egypt.The 320 Indians who were evacuated on the special Air India (AI) flight had to pay more than double the cost of a single fine from Cairo to Mumbai.A one-way ticket in this sector averages at Rs 17,000-20,000, but stranded travelers said they had to pay Rs 45,000 before they were assured of a stead on the AI 160 flight to Mumbai. For a few people, the fare was as high as Rs 55,000.Tourists and honeymooners, many of whom were on a budget and did not have access to immediate funds, were the worst hit. Many fliers complained that they had to pay cash on the spot to be able to procure a flight ticket.AI flight was a boon because our earlier flight had been cancelled. But they had to pay double money on the spot to get on the plane. At the end of a holiday, most people do not have so much cash in hand.Ethical issuesAI took undue advantage of catch situation.Air India should understand the responsibility towards Indians.There should be transparency in fare of airlines especially during time of emergency.Rs.300 Crore Citibank FraudMr. Shivraj Puri, an employee of Gurgoan branch had siphoned of money from 40 high networth investors (HNI) amounting to Rs 400 crore. Mr. Shivraj Puri is a Senior Relationship Manager in Citibank Gurgoan branch.He used a forged notification of Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI) stating that few select clients would earn higher returns (18% to 20%) if they invested in his suggested schemes. He invested the money obtained from HNI in the stock market in his personal capacity over a period of few months. He invested money in share market through brokage firms Religare and Bonanzathe main client affected by the fraud is Hero Honda group and the amount diverted is to the tune of Rs 200 crore (USD 44.67 million).Mr. Sanjay Gupta, Assistant Vice President in the accounts office of Hero Corporate Services have formed two finance companies BG Finance and G2S Consultancy and diverted Hero group promoter funds in these two companies. These funds were then fraudulently invested by Mr. Shivraj Puri of Citibank.Mr. Sanjay Gupta has allegedly taken Rs 20 crore (USD 4.46 million) as commission from Mr. Shivraj Puri for diverting these funds. It is suspected that Mr. Sanjay Gupta was aware of the forged SEBI letter but recommended the investment to a number of people. Ethical issuesLack of meet and supervision on the activities of the Relationship Manager.Relig are and Bonanza should have questioned the source of funds of Mr. Puri as he is a salaried employee.The fraud department was alerted by the customer complaints. This raisesquestions on fraud detection and monitoring procedures implemented at the bank.Banks & financial institutes should monitor suspicious transactions with special emphasis on HNI accounts. There should be adequate control over relationship managers activities.Indias latest rice scam involves Rs 200,000 croreThe latest of the scam series in India, the UP rice scam could be the biggest of them all, even outdistancing the so called 2G Spectrum scam.According to reports, a huge stock of food grain meant for distribution under the Antyodaya, Annapurna and Mid-Day Meal schemes was smuggled outside the state and even the country to Bangladesh, Nepal and other nations.It is believed that top officials of the state as well as the central government colluded to divert the food grain between 2001 and 2007.The scam involves goo fing up of rice worth Rs 200,000 crore. It was a scam that stretched to almost 7 years and 300 FIRs. The scam was reported in Uttar Pradesh in the period when Samajwadi ships company leader Mulayam Singh Yadev was the chief minister of the UP.This food grain was for poor people people either free or at highly subsidies rate.Ethical issuesFood grains meant for poor had been smuggled into the open market and also into the neighboring countries and none of that could have happened without the involvement of higher authorities.Transportation by goods trains to far off corners of the country indicated that import happened in collusion with different authorities.No action was taken in last 10 years.Distribution system of food grain for poor people should be more transparent. it should be more accountable.It is necessary to break such rackets in public distribution system to avoid national loss. Proper use of technology such as GPS tracker, RFID tag can make distribution more efficient. There is need for frequent checks.

Ah, Woe Is Me

In the beginning of this short story we atomic number 18 introduced to Sarah, an maturation black servant sustenance in in the south Africa. She works hard for an upper-class vacuous family and spends all of her money on training for her three children who are sent to a boarding school. They rally home once a year at Christmas, and the first time the cashier meets the children, she is surprised at their obliging behaviour. She finds, how forever, that Sarah is a bit harsh towards them, and she comments on this. Sarah tells her that it is better to learn the lesson now and grow to accept ones fate later.In the class of the following year, Sarah must go away up her job because of her legs, and one day her daughter comes to the house. Slowly she tells her story to the narrator. How the younger brother is working now, and how she is taking care of Sarah. The narrator offers her some raiment and some money and invites her inside for a cup of tea. When she is about to leave, sh e starts crying and can that mutter that her mother is truly ill. Unsure of what to do, the narrator transfer her a handkerchief. The setting in this story is South Africa in the 1950s.Apartheid and segregation are words that describe the conditions under which the blacks (the native Africans) represent perfectly. The blacks nearly puzzle no rights and must accept being oppressed by the whites. Sarah is only one of many poor blacks who only just manages to earn a living by working as a servant for a rich white family (the narrator). Slavery does not exist anymore, but it can be gruelling to distuingish the life of a slave from that of a native African in the 50s except from the fact that they do after all get paid for their work.Sarah is very concerned about her children getting a good education. She probably wants them to have a better life than she has had so far, and while that is a very appalling thought, the facts speak against it. Her children do not at this time have a very good (if any) chance of getting a good solid education because it is very expensive, and their mother does not make that much money. Even if she did make enough money, her legs are bragging(a), and at the end of the story, she has to sustain up her job (and and so take her children out of the boarding school) because she cannot afford to pay for the school.This is what could look like the final blow to her childrens future success in life. No education direction no chances of getting a better life in South Africa (and just about everywhere else, too). But what if she did have enough money to march on her children a proper education would that guarantee the children a good future life I gravely doubt it. As I said before, the blacks live almost like slaves, and as such, they do not have the opportunity to climb the social ladder.All in all, Sarahs hopes and dreams for her children are all very noble, but, unfortunately, at that time and place, very unrealistic. The narrato r does not treat Sarah any better than most other white people in South Africa at this time. charm she allows Sarahs children to stay in her house during Christmas, I hark back the only reason she does it is because she tries to escape her own bad conscience. It is Christmas after all. Throughout the rest of the year, she does not in time think about helping Sarahs children financially so they can stay in school.Even though she presumably has more money than Sarah will ever see, the thought of helping her servant out does not strike her at any gratuity in the story. Her servant is her servant, and servants children are not someone she thinks about. This point is also very clear to see when one reads the description of the narrators thoughts about Sarahs children. She is surprised at how well they behave, how good their manners are as if she was expecting a horde of wild animals instead of normal human beings.She is undoubtedly not the only one to think this way about the blacks, they were considered animals by many white people at that time. However, the narrator seems to excuse her treatment and behaviour towards Sarah and her family with ignorance (see lines 99-103). I find it hard to believe that this ignorance really existed, but it is possible that it did, because the whites and the blacks were so distinctly segregated by the apartheid system. Yet I find it hard to believe that the narrator was completely unaware of Sarahs almost inhuman standard of living.Surely, even though apartheid almost divided the whites and the blacks into two separate worlds, she must have known something about the conditions under which Sarah and her children lived, and that it was getting worse as the days went by (because of the mothers bad legs). When Janet, one of Sarahs two daughters, comes to visit the narrator in the end of the story, the narrator once again displays her ignorance about the blacks, but this time she openly admits it. Janet is, of course, in an hot s ituation when she stands in the back yard of her mothers former employer.Everyone has some pride in themselves, and standing in the back yard, asking for alms is, of course, very degrading to a proud person, no matter who that person is. Janet has probably tried being in a similar situation before, but now that her mother is unavailing to provide for the disintegrating family (her father has lost his job and her sister has married and moved away), the life and death of her family depends solely on her and her brother who are the only ones working. Janet is of course very depressed and sad, but she cannot give up now.Her last hope is that the narrator will help her out, and, fortunately, she does. The handkerchief is actually the first thing the narrator has ever done to help Sarahs children. It is not until that point in the story Janet realizes just how bad things are with Sarah and her family. Of course, one could again be tempted to think that it was only her bad conscience that made her give Janet the clothes, but there is no way to be sure. I am, however, inclined to believe that the narrator has finally recognise how immense the difference between the black world and the white world really is.However, the things she gives Janet (some money and the handkerchief) will not last long, and what will Janet do consequently Come back for more, of course. I am not saying that the narrator is doing something bad, but I do not think she realizes that Janet will probably come back again. It is like giving a stray cat some food it will always come back for more. The question is if the narrator would give Janet more money if she came back, and if it would be any help at all. The first question is easy Yes, she would give her more money if she came back her conscience forbids her to do otherwise.The second question is a bit more difficult to answer. Of course the money is an instant help to Janet and her family, but only a very skimpy one. The few dollars (or what ever currency they use in South Africa) she gives Janet will only provide the family with a meal or two, and after that they will be back to where they started, and would have to beg for more money. Now, I am not saying charity does not help, but I do not think it helps as much as many people would like to think it does. In many cases, it only puts off the sufferings.The apartheid system has officially been abolished in South Africa today, but I think old habits die hard, so to speak. I am sure there are still blacks like Sarah and her family who have to underling to the richer white population even though officially apartheid does not exist there anymore. Societies do not change overnight, especially not when one convention has to give up its right and privileges and share them with others (whom they dislike). Sarahs story is undoubtedly not the worst example one could find, but no one knows what happened after the setting in the narrators back yard.

Empowering Reforestation in the Philippines

by Angela Nicole Mananghaya 2012 Forests are significant to mankind as well as to other liveliness organisms for they provide undecomposed materials and effects that the living need. These include the wood, raw materials that are usually converted to usable products such as furniture, wooden shelters, etc. In addition, these forests help prohibit floods and soil erosion, increase underground water supply and humidity of air, provide an abode for the wildlife, and check air pollution (Save Forests and Wildlife, n. d, 2).However, in the Pearl of the Orient- the Philippines- straight degradation of the forests or what is known to be deforestation (Maycock, 2011, p. 398) is being performed, resulting to serious problems including the displacement of wildlife species, the occurrence of severe effects during or after a tropical storm (which is commonly experienced by Filipinos), and the increasing level of temperature in the country. In fact, Philippines ranks number three in the world s fastest deforestation rate (Padilla, 2011) that has mainly been due to agricultural expansions and severe cases of illegal logging (Philippine Deforestation, n. , 5). Fortunately, there exists the natural or intentional restocking of depleted forests and woodlands, the inverse of the minded(p) process, which may primarily address the negative effects of deforestation in the country- re-afforestation, as it is so called. One of the things that reforestation offers is not necessarily to restore save prevent the extinction of wildlife species as their habitats are continuously being destroyed. According to Toothman (n. , 5), the reforestation of the corridors of trees that lie between forest parcels could give the animals and other species a larger and safer habitat where they could mix with other populations, thereby boosting their genetic diversity and preventing their extinction. In fact, this particular method has already been done in the country. In the island of Mindanao, o n the high slopes of Mount Malindang, exists a high biodiversity. Through reforesting the trees around the old forest, the existing species have had a larger space to reproduce, conserving and attracting those that have been driven a focus to the modernistic habitat ( re-afforestation, n. , 1). The same process has been performed in the Forest of Tabunan in Sitio Cantipla, Cebu City. Through reforesting the forests corridors, the Cebu Flowerpeckers, called manuto by the locals, together with 51 other boo species, have been found in the regenerated forests (Lato, 2012, 5). Surprisingly enough, this never-been-photographed bird specie- the Cebu Flowerpecker- was believed to be extinct until its discovery in 1992 in the Tabunan Forest Corridor, being one of the ten rarest birds and pourboire fifty critically endangered species in the world (Lato, 2012, 6).With the proper building of floodplains and water channeling systems, reforestation also helps prevent the severe effects that F ilipinos encounter whenever a tropical storm comes (Sally, n. d, 3). Among the typhoons that have ravaged the country are Reming in Bicol and Ondoy in Metro Manila, which have both resulted to remarkably drastic floods (Reforestation, 2011, 1). In fact, in just one decade, the country has already experienced twenty-seven floods that have destroyed crops and infrastructures with deforestation being seen as the major cause (Reforestation, 2011, 2).Yearning for a way to address this problem, Tatit Quiblat, the spokesperson of the Philippine Eagle Foundation, has once said that instead of pouring billions for relief operations during disasters, the government, civil society, and private sectors should be vigilant in taking up preventive measures by reforestation of the countrys tropical and mangrove forests (Valermo, 2011, 7). Gladly, there have been projects that have performed such action. The Maynilad Water Services, integrate has started its program called Plant for Life, which aim s to plant fifty thousand saplings in Ipo Dam Watershed (50K Trees to Help Reforest, 2012, 2). We not only help to nourish the watershed area that supplies our raw water needs, we also provide a long term solution to the cycle of flooding during the rainy season, claims Ricky Vargas, the electric chair and CEO of the stated company (50K Trees to Help Reforest, 2012, 4). Another project is the reforestation of mangrove forests along the Aklan River in New Buswang, Aklan, resulting to the conversion of a flood-prone area to a place that is safe during the occurrence of typhoons (Tacio, 2012, 14). Lastly, one of the most well known effects of reforestation is the enhancement of the local climate.Due to the degradation of forests, an increasing amount of carbon dioxide is released in the atmosphere as lesser plants take them up during photosynthesis, resulting to the rise of temperature (Maycock, 2012, p. 399). Through reforestation, however, thirty-eight tons of carbon dioxide per h ectare could be captured and sequestered per year (Reforestation, 2007, 7). This leads to the production of oxygen, enhancement of the climate and temperature, and the reduction of the demands of burning large amounts of fossil fuels for cooling in the summer (Reforestation, 2007, 8).The process of regenerating forests takes a bounteous amount of time before the roles of the degraded ones could be performed again. Once the planted saplings have grown to trees, however, it is undeniable that the restored forests are significantly beneficial to the environment, to mankind, and to other living organisms. With this certain process, not only do the destructive effects of deforestation may be addressed but also the concerns that could emerge if these are left(p) ignored such as threatening climate conditions, extremely high levels of floods, total extinction of species, and disastrous imbalance in the ecosystem.Indeed, this may just be one of the ways to address the certain issue but su rely, this would benefit not only the present but the future generations as well. References * Lato, Cris Evert. 2012. Lessons in rarified Wildlife while Reforesting Cebu. Retrieved from http//newsinfo. inquirer. net/228565/lessons-in-rare-wildlife-while-reforesting-cebu * Maycock, Paul. 2011. World Book F. 7. Scott Fenzer Company. p. 398 * Maycock, Paul. 2011. World Book F. 7. Scott Fenzer Company. . 399 * N. A. N. D. Save Forests and Wildlife. Retrieved from http//nowsave. blogspot. com/2009/10/save-forests-and-wildlife. html * N. A. N. D. Reforestation. Retrieved from http//www. treesforall. info/projects/reforestation-philippines. html * N. A. N. D. Philippine Deforestation. Retrieved from http//www1. american. edu/TED/PHILWOOD. HTM * N. A. 2007. Reforestation. Retrived from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reforestation * N. A. 2011.

Cultural History Essay

Since long magazine ago, brassiere has defined style and notioner among women. The history of Bra is linked to social history of the status of women which entails both(prenominal) the evolution of fashion and the changing views of the body of a char. Since time immemorial, women exhaust used various garments and dev tripes to c everywhere, elevate and restrain the breasts. Over a period of time the emphasis of bras has changed from the functionality point to fashionable point. This fact means that in current period bras are part of fashion of a woman. Origin of the BraThe offset of bra is believed to be in 2500BC bony by the Minoan women who resided in the island of Crete in the ancient Greece. These women used to wear garments that looked standardised Bra whose aim was to aggrandisement up their breast and boost them. Since then, there has been tremendous change in the shape of the breast with different social meanings. Evolution of Bras The evolution of bra starts with th e Corsetry which was worn by the Cretan Women. The Cretan woman stood with bare breasts and the stem and hip corset shown above the decorative part of her underwear.The aim of the corset among the Cretan women was as a symbol of beauty and was aimed at showing off the breast. It is believed that bare breast had a cultural and religious significance. Around 450bc, the Greek started eating away a bodice tied above the breasts leave the breasts naked. This Sm each band of material was referred to as Apodesme and was introduced after the corsets were prohibited. Apodesme played a functional purpose as they prevented the breast moving while walking.The bra like structures accompanied with fashionable c pilinghes of that time. In many of the eighteenth century paintings show ladies wearing free fal ling, pleated loose dress backs. It was probably developed from the over gown that was worn in the 17th century. Under the pannier dress was perfectly crafted laced stays that were made of m any pieces of whale bones. These stays were backstitched by get hold of and were very beautiful and decorative. The stays supported and raised the breast to a sharp point in the bm as well as delimitate a trim shape.The stays always matched the dress as the bones in these stays were placed laterally across both the back and front shoulder blades to ensure that the front remained straight and an upright back. Although women had clothes that provided support to the breast much(prenominal) as crino lineages and bustles in overnice age, corsets started to reappear in 18th century and this was evident with Edwardian Era. During Edwardian era, Edwardian Corsets started devising a big impact in women fashion. fake prefer mature women as it secondhand the curves of a highly corseted shape.The young and the old women laced themselves so tightly that they distorted their figures to get am s shape associated with that period. Health corsets were greatly favored in 1890s and 1900 and w ere designed with an aim of assisting the women in breathing. Aches Sarraute of Paris designed health corset with an aim of aiding health instead of endangering it. She introduced the straight fronted busk that left dresser free. It was in any case designed to support and raise the abdomen instead of forcing it downwards.She rightly aimed at reducing pressure on vital female organs dole out with constricting curves at the waist which was a universal feature among all corsets. Corsets after 1907 were straight as womens obsession on small waist had reduced. The corsets of 1907 achieved a long slim figure. These corsets had had elastic gussets inserts which were supposed to increase the level of comfort. The new longer styles of 1912, corsets increased in length reaching the knees making it concentrated for women sitting down. These corsets were designed for beauty purposes as fashion played a major role in their development.During this period, there was a shift of attention from all-metal corsets and the concept of bra started to appear. (Workman, 1996) The word Bra was developed and first reported in America copy of Vogue in 1907. The original French let on of brassier meant a soldiers arm. The First World War contributed to evolution of bras where women abandoned corsets and started wearing bras. During this period, the end point brassier started to appear in high profile women magazines and eventually appeared in Oxford face dictionary in 1912. (Elizabeth, 1976)In 1913, Mary Phelps Jacob, a New York socialite, made a backless brassier from two silk handkerchiefs and some ribbon after discovering that the corsets were too repressing when a woman was dancing in night clubs. Mary sold her patent to Warner Br otherwises corset company for 1500 us dollars. After the division 1918, bras were made of lace bands with straps. The best bras at that time were the Symington side lacer which was a reinforced bodice. The side lacing was aimed at flattening the b ust when it was tightened. It was at this time that the term bra changed from brassier. (Elizabeth, 1976)In 1930s the bra became more sophisticated and the home sewn version of bras started to diminish during this period. In 1928, entrepreneur William and Ida Rosenthal developed bra by introducing the cup sizes and bras for all the stages of a woman. Warmers developed the alphabet bra which was made in a set of sizes that were corresponding to alphabetical letters. This is as a solution of women gaining interest in the size of their breast and other women breast. The women interest in these cases of bra was as a result of aggressive marketing and the changing role of women in the society.During this period, bras became a major industry and there was great improvement in fiber technology, patterns, colors and varieties of the bras. There was increase in innovation such as sized cup, adjustable strap, increased elasticity and padded breast for small sized breast. The marketing of bra s during this period targeted the younger women as beauty was an master(prenominal) aspect in them. The desired feature in 1930s was a pointy bust and this further increased demand for a forming garment and bras fitted well for this function. In 1940s, Clothing was determined by the Second World War.During this period, advertisements of clothes were based on patriotism. The highly structured conical pointed bullet bras were used as fortress clothes whereby in the military fraternity, the female soldiers were advised to wear them for anatomical support, good taste and for morale. During this period, bra intensify the concept of the sweater girl. Sweater girls ofttimes wore bullets bras which contributed to the development of later brassieres. The war had an impact on the flow of materials as there was shortage of material which resulted into women producing their own bras from parachute silk and old wedding dresses.commercially manufactured bras were made from minimum amount of ma terial and whence bore the utility mark. This led to the emergence of utility bras. In 1950s, the bras were typical long line stitch and fashion was a major contributing factor towards the development of bras. The long line conical bra gave support silhouette for girls who wanted to be like film stars sweater girls like Jane Russell. The bras got better as use of nylon materials made them more attractive, lighter and easier to wash. Pretty1960s was a period that was characterized by increased interest of quality and fashion of bras. There was increased demand for maternity and mastectomy bras and increase in the use of washing machines led to increase in preference for durable bras. There was increased marketing promotion such as wearing bras 24 hours a day. This period was marked with cultural changes which represented a great threat to bra market. These counter culture to bra production included civil right movement and feminism which greatly unlike women wearing bras.During th is period, there was development in the form of bras which were seamless, flattering and sexy and were more appealing to teenage girls. The invention was referred to as wonderbra invention. These Bras tugged the breast together and pulled them transport and hence they were a means of attraction. They were marketed as a form of luxury. The material used became durable, light weight and elastic. In late 1960s, bra and other womanly emblems became targets of feminist activism. The feminists viewed bras as objects which reduced women as sex objects.Some women started questioning the role of bra and this led to differ against 1968 miss American beauty pageant. For example, Germaine Greer express that bras were absurd invention aimed at reducing the status of women. In 1968, they were a protest against Miss America beauty pageant by 400 women glide path from New York Radical women in Atlantic City convention hall. The demonstration took place after Democratic national convention and t he protestors placed bras, high heeled shoes, hairsprays and other beauty apparatus seen as symbols of oppression of women in a freedom trash can placed on the ground.This was a clear sign of protest against bra although no real burning of the bras took place. There was also another protest in 1970 which received wide coverage and was perceived as intimate liberation. This protest although seen by people as breaking of the law was somehow fruitful as many women stopped . This led to some stores such as Berkeley Roos closing Bra department due to poor sales. The protest led to development of no bra by Rudi Gernreich in 1964. This bra was light, transparent reach out netting and had a simple shape.The fine layer of foam in the bras made the cups to stand up on the end (Pederson, 2004) The burning of bra by feminist led to innovations in fashion industry in order top win back the lost customers. Gossard launched its wonderbra crusade in 1968 which led to foundation of original wonder bra. At first 36C was the top size of this innovatory under wired bra that was a necessity for V neck dresses of late sixties caftans which had ling necks were changed by the cleavage from a wonderbra. In case where one was in need of larger bra, a bra replacement fastener was used as an extender.Inserts of extra lagging or foam rubber could be inserted into small pockets in the wonderbra to increase the extensiveness where there was no bust. In 1990s, silicon plant scare caused the women to turn to bras as the best option of improving their breast size. The wonderbra became best seller in 1990s. In 1916s there was the presence of bra slips which were common for short skimpy dresses. The return of cleavage was recorded in 1990s . In a blonde ambition tour Madonna was sported wearing sported ice unguent coned circular sewed cup on her Gaultier corset.Gautier first made designs of breast that were based on the conical breasts of 1980s but received full approval after Madonna used it in a number of her functions and hence sexy lace Bras came back into business. In 1990s there was the entry of very plain tactel underwear slips which gave a good line beneath dresses making it possible to wear unlined dresses successful without static build up. Bra industry was further promoted during this period by the quest for women who had shed their breast in 1960s to have more figure control particularly when wearing the straight sheath dress that were back in fashion.During this period, there was pursuit for cleavage by utilizing water, air and silicone pads and improvement in this development enhanced the sales of fashion companies in 21st century as they put more emphasis on breast management and improvement. The change in fashion trends resulted in different types emerging to suit different fashion needs of women. Cleavage enhancers are types of bras which have a plunging neckline which is important for maximum cleavage. The pads add an surplus lift and the bra fully characterize bust hence ideal for low necklines.There are other fashionable bras referred to as Convertible/strapless which go up to five ways on a strapless bra often having molded padded cups that offer support and shape to the breast. They have seam free cups that are not visible under clothes. Bras do not only serve as fashion apparatus but they also play a big role in sports. Sport bras are perfectly constructed to provide a maximum support, compresses the breast and hence minimizing bouncing by the breasts. The material fabric is important in drawing moisture away from the body hence keeping the body comfortable.Silicone bra is a type of bra comes in different sizes from cup size A, B C D. It does not have any strap. It is flexible and sticks tightly in conformity with the womans bust as it has self adhesive coating. It is made from high quality silicon gel. It is easy to wash, it has no strap and occurs in a execute of colors and so the user has a wide choice of the colors s he desires. This bra can be reused many times after laundering. Push ups and inflatable brassieres is a type of bra introduced in mid 1990s and added major sex appeal to the USA market. It was pioneered in 1960s by Fredricks of Hollywood .The look was classic pieces of soft cup inflated into a cone-shaped point. During this period, Singer and Dancer Madonna played a big role in making this bra to be famous. This bra has undergone much innovation such as volume adjustment systems, pairing of the sleek looking bra with air extricable padding. The bra has a molded cup and wireless lifts. It has a weightless padding which gives the cleavage a slight projection. It has barely three Bralettes. It is found in soft cup, Camisole like sheers as well as lacy under wire creations which exhibit double cleavage of their full cup counterparts. (Steele, 2001) raise openness among the current time women In 1950s to 1980s feminists played great role in trying to liberate women from oppression by men . They well-tried as much as they could in transforming the working and business environment to suit women and this resulted in many of them getting jobs and becoming more liberal especially in their sexual lives. In the past, feminists opposed beauty apparatus which they considered as being tools which reduced women as sex objects. This did not get support from all the women as beauty was still valued b women and so they continued using beauty apparatus and fashion determined what they wore.Currently the society has changed greatly and as a result of empowerment, women have become more liberal and hence more open to sixths is depicted by the clothing they put on which more is revealing than in the past years. Also increase in innovation by fashion industries has played a major role as these companies strive hard to market products which are said to make women look sexy. Improved technology especially in the entertainment sector has contributed a lot to women becoming more sexual o pen as they mostly emulate the sprightlinessstyles of the entertainment stars. (Kunzle, 2004) ConclusionInnovation has played a major role in shaping the fashion in different time span. Bra comes out clearly as a major fashion tool and from its evolution, it can be concluded that it has played a central role in women fashion and enhancing beauty among the women. Women have considered fashion as an important aspect in their life and this is evident in the different variety of beauty apparatus they have been having since time immemorial. In the contemporary times, women open sexuality show that women are liberalized and hence free to select any type of lifestyle and clothing to put on.Reference List Elizabeth, E. , (1976). Underwear A History. New York, NY Theatre Arts Books Kunzle, D. , (2004). Fashion and Fetishism Thrupp, UK Sutton Publishing Limited Stephanie, P. , (2004) Bra a thousand years of style, Newton Abbot David & Charles Valerie, S. , (2001). The Corset A Cultural Histo ry. New Haven, CT Yale University Press. Workman, N. , (1996). From Victorian to Victorias Secret The Foundations of Modern Erotic Wear. Journal of Popular Culture. 30. 2, 61-73

Economic Equilibrium Essay

In economic balance wheel, quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal. For example, the list of goods or serivices set by buyers is equal to the amount of goods or services produced by sellers. This is what we call as equilibrium price and this will definitely not change unless demand or supply changes. Based on the lecture, due to scarcity we some metres consider trade-offs.For example as what was stated in the lecture, purportedly that you have only six hours left to study for your test in economics and to complete your assignment in graphic design, you have to balance your time or spend more time in either economics or graphic design. You also have to consider the resources that you can maximize in accomplishing both things. Having a fixed quantity and quality of available resources means that you have a fixed supply of materials such as textbooks, notes, design software, etcetera, to use in the time you have left. Scarcity triggers the society to make choices and thats why there are trade-offs. I agree that economic equilibrium is the state wherein you dont get any benefits at all in making trade-offs because there is no tendency to change or you alreay chose the take up possible alternative which means that you have maximized already your limited resources. Reference Economics Basics Demand and Supply. ( 2010 ). Retrieved July 15, 2010 from

Didion’s on Morality Essay

What is it that forms and drives our virtuous behaviors? Are we born with a basic sense of morality or do we develop a set of moral social codes to keep society from falling into pandemonium and anarchy? In her essay On Morality, Joan Didion dissects what lies beneath the surface of humanitys morality. By relative several stories and historical events, she shows that morality at its basic virtually primitive level is nonhing much than our loyalties to the ones we love, everything else is subjective. Didions first story points out our loyalty to family.She is in Death Valley writing an article about morality, a word she distrust more every day. She relates a story about a young man who was drunk, had a car accident, and died while driving to Death Valley. His girl was found animated but bleeding internally, deep in shock, Didion states. She talked to the nurse who had driven his girl 185 miles to the ne arst doctor. The nurses husband had stayed with the body until the corone r could get there. The nurse say, You just cant leave a body on the highway, its immoral. According to Didion this was one instance in which she did not distrust the word, because the nurse meant something quite a specific. She argues we dont desert a body for even a few minutes lest it be desecrated. Didion claims this is more than only a sentimental consideration. She claims that we promise each other to try and retrieve our casualties and not wildness our dead it is more than a sentimental consideration. She stresses this point by locution that if, in the simplest terms, our nurture is devout enough we stay with the body, or have bad dreams. Her point is that morality at its most old level is a sense of loyalty to one another that we learned from our loved ones. She is saying that we stick with our loved ones no matter what, in sickness, in health, in bad times and good times we dont abandon our dead because we dont want someone to abandon us. She is professing that mor ality is to do what we think is right whatever is necessary to meet our primary loyalties to help for our loved ones, even if it means sacrificing ourselves.Didion emphatically states she is talking about a wagon-train morality, and For better or for worse, we are what we learned as children. She talks about her childhood and hearing graphic litanies about the Donner-Reed party and the Jayhawkers. She maintains they failed in their loyalties to each other, and deserted one another. She says they breached their primary loyalties, or they would not have been in those situations. If we go against our primary loyalties we have failed, we regret it, and thus have bad dreams. Didion insist that we have no way of conditionedwhat is right and what is wrong, what is good and what is evil. She sees politics, and public policy falsely assigned aspects of morality. She warns us not to victimize ourselves into thinking that because we want or need something that it is a moral imperative t hat we have it, then is when we union the fashionable madmen. She is saying this will be our demise, and she may well be correct. Hitlers idea that he had a moral imperative to purify the Aryan race serves as a poignant reminder of such a delusion.In 1939 Hitlers Nazi army invaded Poland and started World state of war II. World War II came to an end in large part due to the United States dropping two atomic bombs. If the war had continued and escalated to the point of Hitlers Nazis and the United States dropping more atomic bombs we could have undo most, if not all, of humanity, the ultimate act of fashionable madmen. We may believe our behaviors are just and righteous, but Didions essay makes us closely examine our motives and morals. She contends that madmen, murders, war criminals and religious icons throughout history have said I followed my own conscience. I did what I thought was right. Maybe we have all said it and by chance we have been wrong. She shows us that our moral codes are often subjective and fallacious, that we rationalize and justify our actions to suit our ulterior motives, and our only true morality is our loyalty to those we love. It is this loyalty to those we love that forms our families, then our cities, our states, our countries and ultimately our global community. Without these moral codes, social order would break down into chaos and anarchy.

Gender Discrimination in Media Essay

AbstractThis study examines womens liaison and model in media. This study is based on the statistics of media units in Solapur city. Women constitute intimately 50% of population in every Indian city, but the troth of women in media is very low. Discussions of womens representation in the media tend to revolve around the focus on physical beauty to the near-exclusion of other values. It is dis perceive that media content about women issues is aslope and gender disparity is clearly visible .This study excessively suggests the slipway to increase the women participation in media and the ways to rational representation of women in media.IntroductionWomen constitute nearly 50% of population in India. Our social system boasts that it has inclined mother goddess status to women since the ancient period. hardly in reality society builds psychological barriers around women. This male dominated society imposed so many bindings against women. on that pointfore authority of women w as confined only to the kitchen and kids for many years. Social movement started by rajah Ram Mohan Roy, Mahatma Phule, Savitribai Phule, Maharshi Karve and other social activists opened doors for womens education. Women assimilate benefited greatly as education provided schooling to them about their rights and their equal status in the society. In spite of these efforts and the 65 year long jaunt since Indias independence , our nation is put asideging bathroom in many basic things.World stinting Forum conducted a study to measure gender fracture. The Global Gender Gap Index examines the gap between men and women in four fundamental categories economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival of the fittest and political empowerment. harmonize to this Gender Gap Report-2011, India is included among the 20 countries, where the gender gap is widest. It holds 113th position among 134 countries in the serviceman. This report explains that India and Pakistan perform above average on the political empowerment of women, particularly India, but they lag behind in the other three categories.In particular, the persistent health, education and economic participation gaps impart be detrimental to Indias growth. India is the lowest ranked of the BRICK economies (http//www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2011.pdf)After Indias independence Womens role in society has undergone seismic replaces, which has been reflected in every walk of life. Women stepped out of four walls and succeeded in individually and every theme. Now women be working as pilots, soldiers, doctors, engineers, lawyers, politicians and proving their mettle in all fields. But it is fuzee reality that basic structure of male dominated society and roles and presumptions about womens worlds remain the same. pipe down the life of majority of women in India remains unchanged. . The women who got benefited through education and succeeded to grab a job have t o destine to face male supremacy. Gender discrimination is visible at every moment. Decision- making positions argon non accessible for women. Many times working women have to face humiliation.Scenario in the field of mediaScenario in the field of media also does not differ from it. Media Still remains as mens world and this is global phenomena. According to the research conducted by International Womens Media Foundation( IWMF ) 73% of the top management jobs be occupied by men comp ared to 27% occupied by women,Among the rank of reports , men hold nearl y two thirds of the jobs, compared to 36% held by women. These findings were collected by more than than 150 researchers who interviewed executives at more than vitamin D companies in 59 nations. (http//iwmf.org/pioneering-change/global-research-on-women-in-the- peeleds-media/global-report-online-version.aspx) According to this report statistics of womens participation in Indian media is 13. 8 % ( e.g. foreman Executive Officer ) at top management , 23.3 % ( e.g. give-and-take Directors) in senior management ,18.3% ( oral sex Correspondent ) in middle management and 25.5 % ( Reportes, Sub-editors ) at junior professional level .This report reveals that womens participation in Indian media is very low and gender discrimination is the only reason behind this. Media sector in India is very strong and particularly India ranks second in circulation of newspaper copies in the world. The new figures show that the four largest markets for newspapers are China with 107 million copies daily India, with 99 million copies daily lacquer with 69 million copies daily and the United States, with nearly 51 million. 1 Marathi newspapers in Maharashtra are also enjoying better position. Two Marathi newspapers Lokmat and Sakal are placed among Indias top 10 largest circulated regional dailies in the IRS origin quarterly report 2012 . Lokmat is at second position and Sakal is at tenth position in this list. (http//mruc.n et/irs2012q1-topline-findings.pdf) Women participation in Indian media is negligible.Though a few women were make uped by the media many were not given big responsibilities. The media should be more responsible when it comes to reporting of womens issues. 2 This picture is same in Mahashtra state. Solapur city is 7 th populated city in Maharastra .Population of Solapur is more than 12 lacks. There are seven dailies having circulation of more than 25000 copies per day. But participation of women in newspapers newspaper column staff is negligible. It is observed that young women pickings admissions to the media courses is increasing during last few years. But job opportunities are not easily accessible for them. touch in electronic media seems better than newspapers.Table no 1 Ratio of Womens Participation in Editorial staff of Daily Newspapers in SolapurThis statistics clearly reveals that womens participation in these newspapers as reporters, sub-editors, editors is little than 3%. Women journalists are confined generally to the table duties to edit womens page or to cover cultural events arranged for women. Important beats such as political beat, crime beat does not allotted to the female journalists. They work on junior levels .In decision making process womens participation almost neglected in all newspapers.Table no 2 Womens participation in electronic media in SolapurSr no Media Unit virile Journalists Female Journalists total 1 AIR Solapur 05 (71..42%) 02 (18.58%) 062 Big 92.7 FM 03 (100.00%) 0(00.00%) 043 IN Solapur TV channel 08 (80.0%) 02 (20.0%) 104 Reporters of TV bring 09 (90.0%) 01 (10.0%) 10 Total 23 (83.34%) 05 (16.66%) 30Women participation in electronic media is 16.66% as compared to mere 1.97 % in newspapers.Solapur running(a) Journalist Union is organization of all journalist belonging to print and electronic media in Solapur .( Table no.3 ) Not a single female journalist included among total 125 members of Solapur Working Journ alists UnionTable no 3 Members of Solapur Working Journalist UnionMale Journalists Female Journalists125 ( 100%) 00 ( 00 % )Male dominated media managements are not allowing access to the woman journalists. According to the executives of the media, woman journalists cannot work in the night shifts and they are reluctant to cover every beat depute to them .Thats why we prefers male journalists for the job. This gender biased assumption of the media managements is contrary to the real facts. Women are actively participating in every walk of life such as armed forces, space science, entrepreneurship, education, engineering etc.They work hard without any concessions and proved their mettle. These examples prove that women are going hand-in-hand with men in every field. Therefore women can do their best in the field of media. Barkha Dutt, Nalini Singh, Mrinal Pandey, Sucheta Dalal are some prominent examples of women journalists doing first-class job than male journalists. It reveals that only reason for the less participation of women in media is the gender bias of the management.Womens Representation in MediaMedia plays an most-valuable role in the dissemination of information and knowledge to the masses. It is the role of the media to ready people and to guide them for the development of society and nation. But media content about women issues is alwayes biased and gender discrimination is clearly visible in it. Most of the womans organizations blame on media that it is responsible for biased and stereotype portrayal of women. Any society cannot progress without upliftment and empowerment of women .But Indian media is engaged in represent women as housewives. Feminists objected to the stereotypical portrayal of women as happy home- makers who were less competent than men. 3 Now women are active participants in every walk of life. Therefore it is important to to properly project the image of women as role model. For these purpose women participation in medi a should be increased.But mere participation does not change the situation. .A large proportion of women thought that there would be a change in plan content with as increase in proportion of female employees program quality would improve and more balanced perspective would be emerge. . 4 Mrs. Suhas Kumar rightly suggested that Women must become active participants in the field of journalism and other fields of media to fulfill the all-round development of women directly and indirectly.only through their involvement in journalism women will be able to speak for themselvesand the issues relevant to them. 8 Therefore it is necessary to appoint women as decision makers in the newspapers. Special training must be given to all editorial staff about the equality principle and the rights of women as human being.ConclusionMale dominated newspaper industry is reluctant to give access to women journalists. Women journalists are not assigned to cover important issues. News related to women is sues covered by male journalists cannot give justification to the issue. There are no guidelines for reservations for women in media jobs.Mere increases in number of women journalists cannot change the gender bias in media.SuggestionsAt the end, this study concludes with some suggestions (a) There is need to recruit women journalists in proportion, giving them equal opportunity and access to work in media. (b) The important womens issues must be rported by women journalist. (c) Special guidelines should be given to all the journalists about intercommunicate positive and real image of woman, without any bias. (d) There should be a provision to punish guilty persons for portraying women as commodity in any advertisement, news, article etc.References1. The Hindi online edition ,New Delhi, Jan,10, 2011.82. The Hindu online edition ,New Delhi, June,4 ,20083.Thakurta Paranjoy,Media Ethics Truth, Fairness and Objectivity,Oxford